Ecological Niche Transferability Using Invasive Species as a Case Study - Fig 1

<p>Results from the PCA analysis for: A: <i>Leucaena leucocephala</i>, an example of total overlap between native range and invaded range in environmental space. B: <i>Ulex europaeus</i>, an example of overlap in environmental space and directional expansion of invaded localities. C: <i>Sturnus vulgaris</i>, an example of multidimensional expansion of the invaded environmental space. D: <i>Rana catesbeiana</i>, an example of little overlap of the native and invaded environmental space.</p

List of Worldclim 1.4 environmental variables used in the analysis derived from monthly mean, maximum, and minimum temperature and precipitation interpolations averaged for 1950 to 2000 at a spatial resolution of 1km².

<p>List of Worldclim 1.4 environmental variables used in the analysis derived from monthly mean, maximum, and minimum temperature and precipitation interpolations averaged for 1950 to 2000 at a spatial resolution of 1km².</p

<i>Lantana camara</i>.

<p>Top: Localities from the native and invaded range (ellipse highlights the native range localities). Bottom: Map of bagging SDM Maxent results. Black shading represents areas predicted to be suitable by only the model trained with invaded range localities. Light grey shading represents areas predicted to be suitable by only the model trained with native range localities. Dark grey shading represents area of overlap between the models trained using native and invaded range localities.</p

<i>Euphorbia esula</i>.

<p>Top: Localities from the native and invaded range (ellipse highlights the native range localities). Bottom: Map of bagging SDM Maxent results. Black shading represents areas predicted to be suitable by only the model trained with invaded range localities. Light grey shading represents areas predicted to be suitable by only the model trained with native range localities. Dark grey shading represents area of overlap between the models trained using native and invaded range localities.</p

Temperature (top) and precipitation (bottom) derived variables box-plots of extracted native (light grey) and invaded (dark grey) environmental conditions for <i>Cervus elaphus</i>, a species with directional expansion.

<p>Refer to legend in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0119891#pone.0119891.g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2</a> for box-plot interpretation.</p

Specimen georeferenced observation data per species from GBIF divided between native and invaded ranges.

<p>Specimen georeferenced observation data per species from GBIF divided between native and invaded ranges.</p

Temperature (top) and precipitation (bottom) derived variables box-plots of extracted native (light grey) and invaded (dark grey) environmental conditions for <i>Euphorbia esula</i>, a species with non-overlap in environmental space.

<p>Refer to legend in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0119891#pone.0119891.g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2</a> for box-plot interpretation.</p

Table_1_Time discrimination and change detection could share a common brain network: findings of a task-based fMRI study.DOCX

IntroductionOver the past few years, several studies have described the brain activation pattern related to both time discrimination (TD) and change detection processes. We hypothesize that both processes share a common brain network which may play a significant role in more complex cognitive processes. The main goal of this proof-of-concept study is to describe the pattern of brain activity involved in TD and oddball detection (OD) paradigms, and in processes requiring higher cognitive effort.MethodsWe designed an experimental task, including an auditory test tool to assess TD and OD paradigms, which was conducted under functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 14 healthy participants. We added a cognitive control component into both paradigms in our test tool. We used the general linear model (GLM) to analyze the individual fMRI data images and the random effects model for group inference.ResultsWe defined the areas of brain activation related to TD and OD paradigms. We performed a conjunction analysis of contrast TD (task > control) and OD (task > control) patterns, finding both similarities and significant differences between them.DiscussionWe conclude that change detection and other cognitive processes requiring an increase in cognitive effort require participation of overlapping functional and neuroanatomical components, suggesting the presence of a common time and change detection network. This is of particular relevance for future research on normal cognitive functioning in the healthy population, as well as for the study of cognitive impairment and clinical manifestations associated with various neuropsychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia.</p

MOESM4 of Experimental ovine toxoplasmosis: influence of the gestational stage on the clinical course, lesion development and parasite distribution

Additional file 4 Individual frequency of parasite DNA detection in infected animals. Table showing the individual frequency of parasite DNA detection in infected animals

MOESM3 of Experimental ovine toxoplasmosis: influence of the gestational stage on the clinical course, lesion development and parasite distribution

Additional file 3 Box-plot graph T. gondii burdens measured at the same period post infection and comparing between the three groups at the placenta and foetal viscera. Box-plot graphs represent the median burden, the lower and upper quartiles (boxes) and minimum and maximum values (whiskers). (*) indicates P < 0.05 significant differences between groups in each period post infection