Additional file 1: Table S1. of Living with ongoing whiplash associated disorders: a qualitative study of individual perceptions and experiences

Additional quotes to support the themes and sub-themes. Table with additional quotes to support the sub-themes and themes. (DOCX 26 kb

Mean (standard deviation), and results of independent samples t tests for ActiGraph and IPAQ measures.

Mean (standard deviation), and results of independent samples t tests for ActiGraph and IPAQ measures.</p

The median [interquartile range], and results of Mann Whitney U for baseline measures.

The median [interquartile range], and results of Mann Whitney U for baseline measures.</p

Characteristics of participant groups at 3 months post injury.

<p>NDI: Neck Disability Index; BMI: Body Mass Index; SF-36: Short Form 36</p

Univariate linear regression analyses assessing the relationship between objective and subjective PA measures and baseline variables.

Univariate linear regression analyses assessing the relationship between objective and subjective PA measures and baseline variables.</p

Inflammatory marker concentrations in serum from asymptomatic controls and two whiplash groups (recovered or milder symptoms at 3 months) measured at two time points.

<p> NDI: Neck Disability Index; WAD: Whiplash Associated Disorders</p>*<p>denotes significant difference from control group at p<0.05</p>^<p>denotes significant difference between WAD groups at p<0.05</p

Scatterplot of total PA measured objectively (ActiGraph total PA counts/day) and subjectively (IPAQ-L reported MET-minutes/week).

Scatterplot of total PA measured objectively (ActiGraph total PA counts/day) and subjectively (IPAQ-L reported MET-minutes/week).</p

Physical and psychological data (mean ± SD) for WAD groups at each time point.

<p>PPT: pressure pain threshold; MFI: muscle fatty infiltrate; PDS: posttraumatic stress diagnostic scale; CSQ: coping strategies questionnaire</p

Baseline, accelerometer and IPAQ data.

BackgroundWhiplash associated disorders (WAD) are the most common non-hospitalised injuries resulting from a motor vehicle crash. Half of individuals with WAD experience ongoing pain and disability. Furthermore, individuals with persistent WAD have lower levels of aerobic capacity and isometric strength compared with age-matched controls. It is not known whether these differences are associated with increased levels of pain and disability, or with reduced physical activity (PA) participation.ObjectiveOur primary aim was to compare PA levels in individuals with persistent WAD with healthy controls. Secondary aims were to: compare objective and subjective measurements of PA; explore factors that may influence PA; and describe proportions of these populations meeting World Health Organisation PA guidelines.MethodsObjective (ActiGraph accelerometer; seven days) and subjective (International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)) PA data were collected for n = 53 age-matched participants (WAD n = 28; controls n = 25).ResultsIndependent sample t-tests showed no significant difference in objectively measured PA (p>0.05) between WAD and controls. For the subjective measure (IPAQ), controls reported more overall weekly PA (t = 0.219, p2 = 0.225, F (2, 44) = 6.379, p2 = 0.132, F (1, 41) = 6.226, pConclusionsIndividuals with WAD had levels of physical and mental health quality-of-life significantly lower than controls and below population norms yet participated in similar levels of PA. Given that increased perceptions of mental health quality-of-life were positively associated with objectively measured MVPA and subjectively reported overall PA, strategies to help people with WAD achieve adequate doses of MVPA may be beneficial. ActiGraph-measured and IPAQ-reported PA were discordant. Hence, IPAQ may not be a reliable measure of habitual PA in WAD.</div

Bland-Altman plot for sedentary time.

BackgroundWhiplash associated disorders (WAD) are the most common non-hospitalised injuries resulting from a motor vehicle crash. Half of individuals with WAD experience ongoing pain and disability. Furthermore, individuals with persistent WAD have lower levels of aerobic capacity and isometric strength compared with age-matched controls. It is not known whether these differences are associated with increased levels of pain and disability, or with reduced physical activity (PA) participation.ObjectiveOur primary aim was to compare PA levels in individuals with persistent WAD with healthy controls. Secondary aims were to: compare objective and subjective measurements of PA; explore factors that may influence PA; and describe proportions of these populations meeting World Health Organisation PA guidelines.MethodsObjective (ActiGraph accelerometer; seven days) and subjective (International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)) PA data were collected for n = 53 age-matched participants (WAD n = 28; controls n = 25).ResultsIndependent sample t-tests showed no significant difference in objectively measured PA (p>0.05) between WAD and controls. For the subjective measure (IPAQ), controls reported more overall weekly PA (t = 0.219, p2 = 0.225, F (2, 44) = 6.379, p2 = 0.132, F (1, 41) = 6.226, pConclusionsIndividuals with WAD had levels of physical and mental health quality-of-life significantly lower than controls and below population norms yet participated in similar levels of PA. Given that increased perceptions of mental health quality-of-life were positively associated with objectively measured MVPA and subjectively reported overall PA, strategies to help people with WAD achieve adequate doses of MVPA may be beneficial. ActiGraph-measured and IPAQ-reported PA were discordant. Hence, IPAQ may not be a reliable measure of habitual PA in WAD.</div