Effects of compounds 1, 5 and 6 on cell viability and HCV propagation <i>in vitro</i>.

<p>One day after seeding at 50,000 cells/cm², Huh-7.5.1 cells were infected with HCVcc at a MOI ~ 0.03 for 17 h (inoculation phase: I). The inoculum was removed and cell cultures were washed before the addition of new medium and incubation for an additional 30 h (replication phase: R). Compounds were present at various concentrations either during both phases (I/R: black circles and solid lines) or during only one phase (I: black squares and dotted lines; R: black triangles and dashed lines). (<b>A</b>) Cell viability and (<b>B</b>) viral replication were assessed at the end of the incubation period. Results are expressed as percentages (mean ± SEM; <i>n</i> = 3) of the mean values obtained for the respective control cultures, in which cells were incubated with vehicle (0.1% DMSO) alone. Erlotinib and telaprevir were used as positive antiviral drug controls inhibiting the entry and replication steps, respectively.</p

Anti-HCV activity and toxicity of atranorin derivatives^a.

<p>^aCompounds were included in antiviral activity and viability assays based on the infection of Huh-7.5.1 cells with HCVcc. The results presented are the means ± SEM from three sets of experiments. NI, no inhibition. For compounds found to be cytotoxic at the doses tested, we determined the CC₅₀ and SI (selectivity index).</p><p>Anti-HCV activity and toxicity of atranorin derivatives<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120405#t002fn001" target="_blank">^a</a>.</p

NMR data for compound 2 in DMSO-<i>d</i>₆ (400 MHz for ¹H and 100 MHz for ¹³C).

<p>NMR data for compound 2 in DMSO-<i>d</i>₆ (400 MHz for ¹H and 100 MHz for ¹³C).</p

Current agri-environmental policies dismiss varied perceptions and discourses on management of traditional rural biotopes

Traditional rural biotopes (TRBs) are threatened habitats that host significant biodiversity and several ecosystem services, and depend on active management such as low-intensity grazing. The current study explores private landowners’ decision-making on TRB management and abandonment within a social-ecological system framework. We provide insight into supporting resilience of TRB systems in the face of agricultural modernization. Using a mixed methods approach with content analysis and Q analysis, we demonstrate that TRB management fosters cultural, biological, aesthetic, and utilitarian values. These are reflected in different ways through conservationist’s, profit-oriented farmer’s, landscape manager’s, and landscape admirer’s discourses on TRB management. Overall, management reinforces landowners’ place attachment, and reflects an approach to landscapes as spatial representations of cultural heritage and identity over multiple generations. Landowners consider TRB pasturage and its social-ecological outcomes motivating and rewarding. Giving up grazing cattle and perceived bureaucracy of national agri-environment scheme contribute to TRB abandonment. Landowners point out that current policies detach TRB management from what is seen as “regular agriculture”, and the focus on monetary compensation bypasses the multiple values tied to TRB management. Based on our results, we suggest that promoting TRBs requires reconfiguring the current arrangement of remedial management payments and adopting a more participatory governance approach. Locally, resilience of TRB systems relies on the connections between landowners and landscapes that foster sense of place and landscape identity, which can be supported by knowledge sharing and collaborative grazing efforts among landowners.peerReviewe

HMBC key correlations for compound 2.

<p>HMBC key correlations for compound 2.</p

LC-MS analysis.

<p>Compound <b>2</b> (extracted at Rt = 19.48 min) was detected through PDA chromatograms (total scan at λ = 220–600 nm), base-peak mass chromatograms and MS spectra of extemporaneously prepared acetone extract of <i>S</i>. <i>evolutum</i> (<b>a</b>), an ethyl acetate extract of <i>S</i>. <i>evolutum</i> (<b>b</b>) and pure atranorin macerated in acetone for one week (<b>c</b>).</p

Structures of compounds isolated from the lichen <i>S. evolutum</i> and of the semi-synthetic compounds 5–6.

<p>Structures of compounds isolated from the lichen <i>S. evolutum</i> and of the semi-synthetic compounds 5–6.</p

Characterization of human mesenchymal stem cell secretome at early steps of adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation-7

Sp, dashed area), secreted proteins without signal peptide (ex, white area) and intracellular proteins (in, dark area). The percentage of the proteins present in each group is reported in the scheme. One hundred per cent is referred to a total number of 73 identified proteins. . Venn diagram of proteins expressed under the different culture conditions; n represents protein number in each condition.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Characterization of human mesenchymal stem cell secretome at early steps of adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/9/26</p><p>BMC Molecular Biology 2008;9():26-26.</p><p>Published online 26 Feb 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2279142.</p><p></p

Liver injury and IL-33 expression in WT and NKT (CD1d) KO mice following Poly(I:C) and D-GalN Poly(I:C) treatment.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Levels of serum AST/ALT (IU/L) in WT and CD1d KO mice following PBS, Poly(I:C) (30 µg/mouse i.v.) and/or D-GalN Poly(I:C) treatment at 8h of post injection. (<b>B</b>) Liver histology (H and E) and immunostaining of IL-33 in livers of CD1d KO mice treated with PBS, Poly(I:C) and/or D-GalN Poly(I:C). (<b>C</b>) Comparison of number of IL-33 expressing hepatocytes in WT and CD1d KO mice following PBS, Poly(I:C) and/or D-GalN Poly(I:C) treatment at 8h of post injection.</p

Cytokine expression of CXCL1, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ in L2-MHV3 induced hepatitis mice.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Relative fold change in kinetics of mRNA expression of CXCL1, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ in liver of L2-MHV3 infected mice at 0, 16, 24, 48 and 72h of post infection. The PBS-treated mice served as a reference for mRNA expression. (<b>B</b>) Spearman R correlation of mRNA expression of IL-33 with mRNA expression of CXCL1, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ in liver of L2-MHV3 infected mice.</p