Additional file 1: of Integrating qualitative research methods into care improvement efforts within a learning health system: addressing antibiotic overuse

Semi-structured interview guide. (DOC 32 kb

Frequency Control of Single Quantum Emitters in Integrated Photonic Circuits

Generating entangled graph states of qubits requires high entanglement rates with efficient detection of multiple indistinguishable photons from separate qubits. Integrating defect-based qubits into photonic devices results in an enhanced photon collection efficiency, however, typically at the cost of a reduced defect emission energy homogeneity. Here, we demonstrate that the reduction in defect homogeneity in an integrated device can be partially offset by electric field tuning. Using photonic device-coupled implanted nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in a GaP-on-diamond platform, we demonstrate large field-dependent tuning ranges and partial stabilization of defect emission energies. These results address some of the challenges of chip-scale entanglement generation

Literature search strategy.

<p>*: Total number of excluded articles is less than the sum of articles excluded by each criterion because most articles failed multiple criteria.</p

Variable summary and patterns of missing data.

<p>*: Variable was excluded from modeling. Each row represents one of 617 human cases; each column represents a variable abstracted from the literature. The color of each cell indicates whether the corresponding variable was missing (dark green) or observed (light green) for the given case.</p

Classification tree for mortality following highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection.

<p>Model was trained on all n = 607 cases with observed mortality. The following variables were candidates for inclusion: age, PCGEH, country, delay to hospitalization, sex, season, contact with poultry.</p

Demographic and clinical characteristics of study sample.

<p><i>Data are frequency (%) or median (first quartile – third quartile).</i></p><p><i>Percentages are calculated including missing observations.</i></p><p><i>PCGEH = per capita government expenditure on health.</i></p

Bivariate associations of candidate predictor variables with mortality.

<p><i>Data are presented as medians (IQR) or frequencies (%). Variables are ordered roughly by statistical significance. Row percentages are calculated excluding missing data. P-values were calculated using Wald's z-test for logistic regression coefficients and the likelihood-ratio test for regression models.</i></p><p><i>PCGEH = per capita government expenditure on health.</i></p

Seasonal Patterns in Human A (H5N1) Virus Infection: Analysis of Global Cases

<div><p>Background</p><p>Human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) have high mortality. Despite abundant data on seasonal patterns in influenza epidemics, it is unknown whether similar patterns exist for human HPAI H5N1 cases worldwide. Such knowledge could help decrease avian-to-human transmission through increased prevention and control activities during peak periods.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We performed a systematic search of published human HPAI H5N1 cases to date, collecting month, year, country, season, hemisphere, and climate data. We used negative binomial regression to predict changes in case incidence as a function of season. To investigate hemisphere as a potential moderator, we used AIC and the likelihood-ratio test to compare the season-only model to nested models including a main effect or interaction with hemisphere. Finally, we visually assessed replication of seasonal patterns across climate groups based on the Köppen-Geiger climate classification.</p><p>Findings</p><p>We identified 617 human cases (611 with complete seasonal data) occurring in 15 countries in Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Case occurrence was much higher in winter (n = 285, p = 0.03) than summer (n = 64), and the winter peak occurred across diverse climate groups. There was no significant interaction between hemisphere and season.</p><p>Interpretation</p><p>Across diverse climates, HPAI H5N1 virus infection in humans increases significantly in winter. This is consistent with increased poultry outbreaks and HPAI H5N1 virus transmission during cold and dry conditions. Prioritizing prevention and control activities among poultry and focusing public health messaging to reduce poultry exposures during winter months may help to reduce zoonotic transmission of HPAI H5N1 virus in resource-limited settings.</p></div

Observed versus fitted highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 case occurrence by season.

<p>Boxplots represent the observed distribution of HPAI H5N1 case occurrence conditional on season. Overlaid in pink, point estimates (± SE) represent predictions fitted by negative binomial regression (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0106171#pone-0106171-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>, Model 1).</p

Seasonal distribution of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 case occurrence by climate type.

<p>Row percentages are reported.</p><p>Seasonal distribution of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 case occurrence by climate type.</p