2 research outputs found
Development and Verification of Air Balance Gas Primary Standards for the Measurement of Nitrous Oxide at Atmospheric Levels
The
Gas Metrology Group at the National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST) became active in developing primary standards
at ambient levels of N<sub>2</sub>O in the 1980s, and this has continued
through to the present. In recent years, interest in NIST-traceable
standards has increasedî—¸not only at the ambient level of approximately
325 nmol mol<sup>–1</sup> (ppb) but at micromole per mole (ppm)
levels as well. In order to support two in-process dry whole air standard
reference materials (SRMs 1720 and 1721) and the NIST Traceable Reference
Materials (NTRM) program, a project was implemented in the Gas Metrology
Group to produce a complete suite of new primary standard materials
(PSMs) of N<sub>2</sub>O with synthetic air (O<sub>2</sub>/N<sub>2</sub>) as the balance gas. Six levels of dilution, approximately 1 order
of magnitude apart, were gravimetrically prepared and verified. Each
level serves as the “parent mix” for the next level.
This discussion describes the process of producing each level and
then verifying its amount-of-substance fraction. Expanded uncertainties, <i>k</i> = 2, of 0.025% relative to the gravimetric amount-of-substance
fraction were obtained at the ambient level. One standard from the
final group of standards at the ambient amount-of-substance fraction
level was compared with standards from the National Oceanographic
and Atmospheric Administration and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
two organizations experienced in gas standards preparation and ambient
whole air measurements, and shows agreement to 0.07 nmol mol<sup>–1</sup> (0.02% relative) and 0.20 nmol mol<sup>–1</sup> (0.06% relative),
respectively
NIST Standards for Measurement, Instrument Calibration, and Quantification of Gaseous Atmospheric Compounds
There are many gas
phase compounds present in the atmosphere that
affect and influence the earth’s climate. These compounds absorb
and emit radiation, a process which is the fundamental cause of the
greenhouse effect. The major greenhouse gases in the earth’s
atmosphere are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.
Some halocarbons are also strong greenhouse gases and are linked to
stratospheric ozone depletion. Hydrocarbons and monoterpenes are precursors
and contributors to atmospheric photochemical processes, which lead
to the formation of particulates and secondary photo-oxidants such
as ozone, leading to photochemical smog. Reactive gases such as nitric
oxide and sulfur dioxide are also compounds found in the atmosphere
and generally lead to the formation of other oxides. These compounds
can be oxidized in the air to acidic and corrosive gases and contribute
to photochemical smog. Measurements of these compounds in the atmosphere
have been ongoing for decades to track growth rates and assist in
curbing emissions of these compounds into the atmosphere. To accurately
establish mole fraction trends and assess the role of these gas phase
compounds in atmospheric chemistry, it is essential to have good calibration
standards. The National Institute of Standards and Technology has
been developing standards of many of these compounds for over 40 years.
This paper discusses the development of these standards