Losartan and magnesium sulfate administration reduce gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat model

Background: Nephrotoxicity is the most known side effect of gentamicin. In addition, renin angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of renal injury and nephrotoxicity. Hypomagnesaemia is other complication of gentamicin. Previous studies reported that magnesium plays an important role in cell enzymatic functions, reducing lipid peroxidation. Objectives: We investigated the role of losartan and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 ) on gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Materials and Methods: In this study, rats randomly assigned to five groups. The first group, received saline, the second group received gentamicin 80 mg/kg/d, intraperitoneally (ip), and the third group, received a regular dose of losartan, 10 mg/kg/d + gentamicin 80 mg/kg/d. The fourth group received MgSO4 , 80 mg/kg/d + gentamicin 80 mg/kg/d. The fifth group obtained a continuous dose of gentamicin 80 mg/kg/d + losartan 10 mg/kg/d + MgSO4 80 mg/kg/d simultaneously. Nine days after administration of drugs, blood samples were collected from the heart. The level of urea, creatinine (Cr), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite were measured in the animal serum and homogenized kidney tissue. Results: Gentamicin increased serum urea and Cr levels. The administration of losartan and MgSO4 lonely and combination of them, significantly reduced the levels of serum urea and Cr. Losartan alone and combination of losartan and MgSO4 compared with gentamicin, significantly decreased kidney MDA level too. Decrease of kidney nitrite level by gentamicin was compensated by the administration of losartan, MgSO4 alone or their combination. Additionally, losartan and MgSO4 alone and their combination together significantly reduced renal damage. Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that administration of losartan and MgSO4 individually and their combination decreased kidney nephrotoxicity and improved renal function. This effect is probably related to the improvement of antioxidant status and renal blood flow

Investigate the level of student\'s interest in their field of study and the effective factors on it, from the viewpoint of students of the Zahedan University of Medical Science in 2018

Background and Aim: Different disciplines of medical science have a close connection with the health of the public. Lack of awareness of the field of study and disinterest to it will have consequences on the educational and health system. While recognizing the field of study and interest in it increases the sense of responsibility and efficiency of individuals in the provision of services. The purpose of this study was to determine the students' interest in their field of study and the factors influencing it from the viewpoint of students of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: &nbsp;In this descriptive-analytical study, 210 students from Zahedan University of Medical Sciences were randomly selected. The method of collecting information was field-based and using a valid questionnaire, including 21 questions (14 items with Likert Triple Scale). Data were entered into SPSS software (Version.20). The confidence level was considered as 0.05. Results: The average interest rate of students in their field of study was 68.3 &plusmn; 27.3. 60.3% of the women were female and the rest were male The mean age of the subjects was 21.2&plusmn;3.3 years. It was found that there was a significant relationship between the level of interest of individuals with marital status (P <0.0001) and previous knowledge of subjects when choosing a course (P <0.0001). Conclusion: &nbsp;The results of this study showed that the students' interest in their field of study was relatively good, but less than half of them had chosen their field of study without prior knowledge. &nbsp

The score trend of each criterion by times.

ObjectivesCaffeine’s potential benefits on multiple sclerosis (MS), as well as on the ambulatory performance of non-MS populations, prompted us to evaluate its potential effects on balance, mobility, and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) of persons with MS (PwMS).MethodsThis single-arm pilot clinical trial consisted of a 2-week placebo run-in and a 12-week caffeine treatment (200 mg/day) stage. The changes in outcome measures during the study period (weeks 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12) were evaluated using the Generalized Estimation Equation (GEE). The outcome measures were the 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12) for self-reported ambulatory disability, Berg Balance Scale (BBS) for static and dynamic balance, Timed Up and Go (TUG) for dynamic balance and functional mobility, Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29) for patient’s perspective on MS-related QoL (MS-QoL), and Patients’ Global Impression of Change (PGIC) for subjective assessment of treatment efficacy. GEE was also used to evaluate age and sex effect on the outcome measures over time. (Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, IRCT2017012332142N1).ResultsThirty PwMS were included (age: 38.89 ± 9.85, female: 76.7%). Daily caffeine consumption significantly improved the objective measures of balance and functional mobility (BBS; P-valueConclusionsCaffeine may enhance balance, functional mobility, and QoL in PwMS. Being male was associated with a sharper increase in self-reported ambulatory disability over time. The effects of aging on balance get more pronounced over time.Trial registrationThis study was registered with the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (Registration number: IRCT2017012332142N1), a Primary Registry in the WHO Registry Network.</div

IRCT registry, Original Language: Clinical Trial Protocol Registry (Persian).

IRCT registry, Original Language: Clinical Trial Protocol Registry (Persian).</p

Descriptive statistics of demographic and MS-related variables.

Descriptive statistics of demographic and MS-related variables.</p

The mean score of each criterion over the study period.

Abbreviations: MSWS-12: 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale, BBS: Berg Balance Scale, TUG: Timed Up-and-Go, MSIS-29: Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale, PGIC: Patients’ Global Impression of Change.</p

IRCT registry, English Language: Clinical Trial Protocol Registry (English).

IRCT registry, English Language: Clinical Trial Protocol Registry (English).</p

Study Protocol, English Language: Study Protocol (English).

Study Protocol, English Language: Study Protocol (English).</p

The impact of sex on each criterion during the study period.

The impact of sex on each criterion during the study period.</p