In Vitro Effects of Imidacloprid and Lambda-cyhalothrin on Capoeta capoeta umbla Kidney Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Enzyme

Pesticide toxicity causes oxidative damage such as DNA damage, enhanced lipid peroxidation, the oxidation of protein sulfydryl groups and enzyme inactivation in the metabolism. In this study, we investigated the in vitro effects on glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.49; G6PD) from Capoeta capoeta umbla kidney of imidacloprid and lambda-cyhalothrin. For this purpose, the enzymewas purified from kidney of C. c. umbla with a specific activity of 11.26 EU mg-1 proteins and 22.7% yield using hemolysate preparation, ammonium sulfate precipitation and 2',5'-ADP Sepharose 4B affinity gel chromatography methods. In order to control the enzyme purification sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was done. SDS-PAGE showed a single band for the enzyme. The results of this study suggested that imidacloprid and lambda-cyhalothrin have significant inhibition effect on the activity of G6PD in in vitro. In conclusion, lambda-cyhalothrin inhibits the enzyme activity more than imidacloprid

Drought analysis of Antalya province by standardized precipitation index (SPI)

Drought is occurring as a result of global warming in our country and as well as over the world and defined as the precipitation deficit in a certain time period which is lower than that of the normal. It affects negatively all of the living being. Many drought indices have been developed to define the severity and characteristics of drought over time and space. In this study, drought characteristics have been evaluated by using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) in meteorological stations located in Alanya, Antalya, Demre, Elmalı, Finike, Gazipaşa, Korkuteli and Manavgat having long term data (1974-2014). According to 3-, 6-, 12- and 24- months time scales, the trend in SPI values are not decreasing and the SPI values were found to be between 0.99 (normal) and ~-0.99 (drought close to normal). It is concluded that drought can occur in summer as well as in winter