Utjecaj biostimulatora na prinos, hranjivu i senzornu kvalitetu plodova jagoda

The study was conducted as open field trial, with irrigation, with the Clery strawberry variety. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of foliar application on berry and seaweed extract on the yield and quality of strawberry fruit (sugar, acid and anthocyanin content). The experiment was set up by random block system in 4 repetitions. The following treatments were applied to the strawberry crop: 1. control, 2. conventional NPK fertilization (10-52-10), 3. 30% reduced conventional NPK fertilization, 4. 30% reduced conventional fertilization + biostimulants. Due to arid growing conditions, NPK fertilizer was applied foliarly. Statistical analysis of the data showed significant differences between treatments in strawberry yield, and anthocyanins content. Compared to the control, the biostimulator had an effect on strawberry yield and total anthocyanin content, but not on the total soluble sugar and acid content of strawberry fruit.Istraživanje je provedeno u poljskim uvjetima, uz navodnjavanje, sa sortom jagode Clery. Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati utjecaj folijarne primjene biostimulatora na bazi ekstrakta bobica i morskih algi na prinos i kvalitetu ploda jagode (sadržaj šećera, kiselina i antocijana). Pokus je postavljen po slučajnom blok sustavu u 4 ponavljanja. Na usjevu jagoda primijenjeni su tretmani: 1. kontrola, 2. konvencionalna gnojidba NPK (10-52-10), 3. 30% reducirana konvencionalna gnojidba NPK, 4. 30% reducirana konvencionalna gnojidba + biostimulator. Zbog sušnih uvjeta uzgoja NPK gnojivo primijenjeno je folijarno. Statističkom analizom podataka dobivene su značajne razlike između tretmana u prinosu ploda jagode i sadržaju ukupnih antocijanina. U usporedbi s kontrolom biostimulator imao je utjecaj na prinos jagode i sadržaj ukupnih antocijanina, ali ne na sadržaj šećera i kiselina u plodu jagode

Usporedba u proizvodnji etanola iz kukuruza (Zea mays L.) između HTF hibrida i hibrida iz hrvatskih oplemenjivačkih programa

The aim of this study was to determine the differences in grain and ethanol yields between hybrids obtained from breeding programs in the Republic of Croatia and introduced HTF (High Total Fermentable) maize hybrids. The trial was conducted at three sites (Osijek, Beli Manastir and Zagreb) for two consecutive years (2012 and 2013) in three plant densities (60,000, 70,000 and 80,000 plants/ha). Pioneer HTF hybrids for the ethanol production were used as controls to assess the productivity of ethanol of hybrids from the Agricultural Institute Osijek and Bc Institute d.d. The study of ethanol production was carried out by using the Lemuz method. According to ANOVA statistical analysis, statistically significant differences in grain and ethanol yields were not found between HTF hybrids and hybrids of domestic breeding companies. Statistically significant difference was found in ethanol yield by sites (P<0.05) with highest average ethanol yield determined at Beli Manastir and the lowest in Osijek. Site × year × plant density interaction showed statistically significant difference in ethanol yield between hybrids and the most productive was the OS378 hybrid. Ethanol production of hybrids designated for this purpose did not produce higher ethanol yields than domestic hybrids from the same amount of grain.Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi razliku u proizvodnji zrna i etanola iz kukuruza između domaćih hibrida kukuruza koji se uobičajeno koriste za proizvodnju zrna i uvezenih HTF (High Total Fermentable) deklariranih hibrida za proizvodnju etanola. Poljski pokus je postavljen na 3 lokacije (Osijek, Beli Manastir, Zagreb) dvije godine uzastopno (2012, 2013) u tri gustoće sklopa (60,000, 70,000 i 80,000 biljaka/ha). Hibridi tvrtke Pioneer, deklarirani kao “HTF” hibridi za proizvodnju etanola iz zrna kukuruza korišteni su kao kontrola za procjenu produktivnosti etanola iz domaćih hibrida Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek i Bc Instituta d.d. Laboratorijska proizvodnja etanola utvrđena je Lemuz metodom. Sukladno ANOVA statističkoj analizi nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike u prinosu zrna i etanola između HTF hibrida i hibrida domaćih oplemenjivačkih kuća. Statistički značajna razlika utvrđena je u prinosu etanola po lokalitetima (P<0.05) gdje je prosječno najveći prinos etanola ostvaren u Belom Manastiru, a najmanji u Osijeku. Interakcija lokalitet × godina × gustoća biljaka imala je statistički značajan utjecaj na prinos etanola između hibrida, a najproduktivniji je bio hibrid OS378. Deklarirani namjenski hibridi za proizvodnju etanola nisu proizveli više etanola u odnosu na domaće hibride iz iste količine zrna kukuruza

EVALUATION OF VERMICOMPOSTED CATTLE MANURE

Vermikompost (lumbripost, biohumus) je kao organsko gnojivo ili supstrat za proizvodnju presadnica proizvedeno mikrobiološkom razgradnjom goveđeg stajnjaka kroz probavni sustav kalifornijske gliste (Eisenia foetida). Analizom fizikalnih, kemijskih i bioloških svojstava utvrđeno je da je vermikompost stabilan, dobro opskrbljen biljnim hranivima te da je koncentracija analiziranih teških kovina niža od dopuštenih vrijednosti. Analizama je u vermikompostu utvrđeno 17,85% pepela, neutralna pH reakcija, EC 1,07 dS m-1, 24,6% ukupnog C, 2,32% ukupnog N i CN odnos 10,6, što indicira zrelost vermikomposta. Utvrđene su značajne koncentracije (u g kg-1) ukupnog P (11,25), K (6,13), Ca (10) i Mg (8,55) te mikroelemenata (u mg kg-1) Fe (9464), Mn (354), Zn (272) i Cu (46). Također, ukupna koncentracija Zn, Cu, Pb (16 mg kg-1) i Cr (42 mg kg-1) niža je od dopuštenih granica, što dopušta uporabu vermikomposta kao gnojiva i kao supstrata za proizvodnju presadnica. Biološkim testovima utvrđeno je da je vermikompost vrlo stabilan, jer je izmjeren intenzitet disanja 1,2 mg CO2-C g-1 kompost-C dan-1, te da vermikompost nije fitotoksičan, jer je uzgojem salate u kontejnerima tijekom 14 dana utvrđena veća produkcija nadzemne tvari korištenjem vermikomposta nego korištenjem komercijalnog supstrata, iako razlike nisu statistički značajne.Vermicompost (lumbripost, biohumus) is organic fertilizer or potting medium produced by microbial decomposition of cattle manure using Californian earthworm (Eisenia foetida). Analysing physical, chemical and biological properties confirmed that the vermicompost was stable with significant level of plant nutrients and the concentration of analysed heavy metals below threshold values. The results of vermicompost analyses were 17.85% ash, neutral pH reaction, EC 1.07 dS m-1, 24.6% total C, 2.32% total N and C:N ratio 10.6 indicating vermicompost maturity. Analyses showed significant concentrations (in g kg-1) of total P (11.25), K (6.13), Ca (10) and Mg (8.55) and microelements (in mg kg-1) Fe (9464), Mn (354), Zn (272) and Cu (46). Also, the total concentration of Zn, Cu, Pb (16 mg kg-1) and Cr (42 mg kg-1) was below permitted threshold values indicating that the use of vermicompost as fertilizer or as potting medium would be unrestricted. Biological tests show that (i) the vermicompost was stable because measured respiration rate was 1.2 mg CO2-C g-1 compost-C day-1, and (ii) the vermicompost did not show any phytotoxic effects because the 14-day growth of lettuce in containers resulted in higher aboveground fresh matter production using vermicompost as a potting medium compared with commercial medium, although the differences were no

DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS CONTENT IN RADISH (Raphanus sativus L.) AS INDICATORS OF COPPER AND LEAD TOXICITY

Uključivanje teških metala u metabolizam biljaka prouzročuje promjene specifičnih metaboličkih putova, poput procesa sinteze organske tvari. Biljke tri kultivara rotkvice izložene su tretmanu s 0,5 mM Cu, odnosno Pb u hranjivoj otopini tijekom 48 h. Sadržaj fotosintetskih pigmenata u listovima utvrđen je spektrofotometrijski i izražen na jedinicu mase suhe i svježe tvari lista. Manja akumulacija suhe tvari u listu i hipokotilu tretiranih biljaka rezultirala je relativnim povećanjem sadržaja pigmenata u suhoj tvari lista. Ovim je istraživanjem utvrđeno da je sadržaj fotosintetskih pigmenata, u uvjetima kratkog izlaganja navedenim teškim metalima, neprecizan pokazatelj njihove toksičnosti za rotkvicu.The involvement of heavy metals in plant metabolism leads to the alterations of specific metabolic pathways such as organic matter synthesis. The plantlets of three radish cultivars have been exposed to 0.5 mM Cu or Pb in nutrient solution for 48 h. The content of photosynthetic pigments was determined spectrophotometrically and expressed on leaf fresh and dry matter basis. The lower dry matter accumulation in leaves and hypocotylls of stressed plants was accompanied by the relative increment of pigments content in leaf dry matter. This research showed that the photosynthetic pigments content in short exposure conditions to mentioned heavy metals was inaccurate indicator of their toxicity in radish

DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS CONTENT IN RADISH (Raphanus sativus L.) AS INDICATORS OF COPPER AND LEAD TOXICITY

Uključivanje teških metala u metabolizam biljaka prouzročuje promjene specifičnih metaboličkih putova, poput procesa sinteze organske tvari. Biljke tri kultivara rotkvice izložene su tretmanu s 0,5 mM Cu, odnosno Pb u hranjivoj otopini tijekom 48 h. Sadržaj fotosintetskih pigmenata u listovima utvrđen je spektrofotometrijski i izražen na jedinicu mase suhe i svježe tvari lista. Manja akumulacija suhe tvari u listu i hipokotilu tretiranih biljaka rezultirala je relativnim povećanjem sadržaja pigmenata u suhoj tvari lista. Ovim je istraživanjem utvrđeno da je sadržaj fotosintetskih pigmenata, u uvjetima kratkog izlaganja navedenim teškim metalima, neprecizan pokazatelj njihove toksičnosti za rotkvicu.The involvement of heavy metals in plant metabolism leads to the alterations of specific metabolic pathways such as organic matter synthesis. The plantlets of three radish cultivars have been exposed to 0.5 mM Cu or Pb in nutrient solution for 48 h. The content of photosynthetic pigments was determined spectrophotometrically and expressed on leaf fresh and dry matter basis. The lower dry matter accumulation in leaves and hypocotylls of stressed plants was accompanied by the relative increment of pigments content in leaf dry matter. This research showed that the photosynthetic pigments content in short exposure conditions to mentioned heavy metals was inaccurate indicator of their toxicity in radish

Utjecaj stadija laktacije na koncentraciju esencijalnih i pojedinih toksičnih elemenata u mlijeku dubrovačke rude - hrvatske ugrožene pasmine

The aim of the present study was to determine the lactation stage effect on the concentration of essential and selected toxic elements in the sheep’s milk of Dubrovačka ruda. The research was conducted with 23 sheep, average age of 4 years, of 3rd lactation, while the milk samples were taken during the early (60th day), middle (90th day) and late (120th day) lactation stage. The sheep were selected according to uniformed body development, adequate health status, body condition, equable age (4 years), parity (3rd lactation), stage of lactation (±7 days) and litter size (single). Sheep were reared on the extensive Mediterranean pastures, reared indoors afterwards, fed with hay ad libitum and feed mixtures in average 0.5 kg/day. Milk sample was collected during morning milking from each sheep. The digested samples were analyzed with continuous flow hydride generation technique using inductively coupled plasma for Ca, Mg, K, P, Na, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Ni, Mo, Co, Cr, Cd and Pb concentrations. Significant increase of Mg, Na, Se, Mn, Mo and Cd concentrations were found in milk as well as decrease of K concentration during the lactation. Although the concentration of Ca, Cu, Cr and As in milk during the lactation is increased, the differences between the lactation stages were not observed. Concentrations of P, Fe, Ni, Pb and Hg in milk of Dubrovačka ruda did not differ during the lactation. The low concentrations of Cr, Cd, Pb, As, Hg in milk indicate the safety for consumers and preserved environment of Dubrovnik-Neretva County.Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj stadija laktacije na koncentraciju esencijalnih i pojedinih toksičnih elemenata u mlijeku ovaca pasmine dubrovačka ruda. Istraživanje je provedeno s 23 ovce, prosječne dobi od 4 godine, u 3. laktaciji. Uzorci mlijeka uzeti su tijekom rane (60. dan), srednje (90. dan) i kasne (120. dan) laktacije. Ovce su bile odabrane prema jednakim tjelesnim proporcijama, odgovarajućem zdravstvenom stanju, tjelesnoj kondiciji, dobi (4 godine), redoslijedu laktacije (3. laktacije), stadiju laktacije (±7 dana) i veličini legla (jedno janje). Ovce su držane na ekstenzivnim mediteranskim pašnjacima, a nakon napasivanja u staji. Hranidba se temeljila na sijenu ad libitum i krmnim smjesama u prosječnoj količini od 0,5 kg/dan. Uzorci mlijeka su bili prikupljeni tijekom jutarnje mužnje od svake ovce. Razoreni uzorci su analizirani hidridnom tehnikom pomoću induktivno spregnute plazme za utvrđivanje koncentracije Ca, Mg, K, P, Na, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Ni, Mo, Co, Cr, Cd i Pb. U mlijeku je utvrđen značajan porast koncentracije Mg, Na, Se, Mn, Mo i Cd, kao i smanjenje koncentracije K tijekom laktacije. Iako su koncentracije Ca, Cu, Cr i As u mlijeku tijekom laktacije povećane, razlike između stadija laktacije nisu utvrđene. Koncentracije P, Fe, Ni, Pb i Hg u mlijeku dubrovačke rude nisu se razlikovale tijekom laktacije. Niske koncentracije toksičnih elemenata u mlijeku ukazuju na sigurnost konzumacije mlijeka kao i očuvani okoliš Dubrovačko-neretvanske županije

Agronomska performanca i iskoristivost Cameline sative u svrhu proizvodnje biopl

This research was set up in 2013 in agroecological conditions of continental Croatia (3 different locations). The extperiment was set as a split-plot design in four replicates, with three levels of the main treatments of soil tillage (CT - plowing; MD - reduced multiple disk harrowing; SD - reduced single disk harrowing) and levels of subtreatment fertilization (F0 - control; F1 - standard KAN fertilization; F2 - fertilization with 5% urea solution; F3 - Profert Mara; F4 - Profert NGT; F5 - Thiofer; F6 - EM Aktiv). The highest camelina grain and biomass yield was achieved in the subtreatment F6 when using microbiological fertilizer EM Aktiv, regardless of the applied agrotechnics. After the harvest experiment, anaerobic batch co-digestion of camelina and cow manure was conducted under thermophilic conditions to determine camelina\u27s potential for biogas production. The biogas potential of camelina was expressed as biogas and methane yields which ranged from 382.00 and 246.04 cm3 g-1 VS, respectively. If compared to maize which is often used as a standard for comparison of methane yields, maize methane yields are higher by 21 to 40%.Istraživanje je postavljeno 2013. godine u agroekološkim uvjetima kontinentalne Hrvatske (3 različite lokacije). Pokus je postavljen po split-plot shemi u četiri ponavljanja, s tri razine glavnih tretmana obrade tla (CT - oranje; MD - reducirano višestruko tanjuranje; SD - reducirano drljanje jednom tanjuračom) i razinama gnojidbe podtretmana (F0 - kontrola; F1 - standardna gnojidba KAN-om; F2 - gnojidba 5% otopinom uree; F3 - Profert Mara; F4 - Profert NGT; F5 - Thiofer; F6 - EM Aktiv). Najveći prinos zrna i biomase kameline ostvaren je u podtretmanu F6 uz korištenje mikrobiološkog gnojiva EM Aktiv, neovisno o primijenjenoj agrotehnici. Nakon eksperimenta žetve, provedena je anaerobna šaržna kodigestija kameline i kravlje gnojovke u termofilnim uvjetima s ciljem određivanja potencijala kameline za proizvodnju bioplina. Bioplinski potencijal kameline izražen je preko prinosa bioplina i metana koji su se kretali od 382.00 odnosno 246.04 cm3 g-1 OT. U usporedbi s kukuruzom koji se često koristi kao standard za usporedbu prinosa metana, prinosi metana proizvedenog iz zrna kukuruza veći su za 21 do 40 %

USPOREDBA EKSTRAKCIJSKIH METODA ZA ODREĐIVANJE RASPOLOŽIVIH I UKUPNIH KONCENTRACIJA Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn i Zn U TLU

Various extraction methods are used to predict plant uptake of trace metals. Most commonly it is total concentration that is used for risk assessment and evaluation of trace metal availability. However, recent studies showed that total concentration is a poor indicator of availability while concentrations in soil solution show good correlation with plant uptake. Present study was conducted on magricultural soils with low levels of trace metals where 45 soil samples were collected from different soil types. The main objective was to compare four different extraction methods and examine how total and reactive (EDTA) trace metal concentrations correlate ,with soil solution concentration (in this study determined by water extraction). The samples were analyzed by four extraction methods: strong acid extraction (ultra-pure HNO3 extraction and aqua regia), weak acid extraction by EDTA and the most available fraction, fraction in soil solution, were represented by water extraction (weakest extractant). Five elements were investigated (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn). Water extraction significantly correlated with EDTA extraction for Cu, Fe and Mn, while total extraction (HNO3 extraction and aqua regia) correlated significantly with water extraction only for Cu. No correlation between water extraction and total extraction confirmed poor role of total concentration as an indicator of availability. EDTA extraction can be used to represent reactive pool of trace metals in soil but it should be also taken with caution when using it to describe available fraction.Ukupne koncentracije metala u tragovima u tlu se vrlo često koriste kao indikatori rizika i procjene raspoloživosti metala. Međutim, novija su istraživanja pokazala da je ukupna koncentracija loš pokazatelj raspoloživosti, dok koncentracije u otopini tla pokazuju dobru korelaciju s koncentracijama u biljci. Glavni je cilj istraživanja bio usporediti četiri različite metode ekstrakcije metala u tragovima i korelacije među njima. Istraživanje je provedeno na poljoprivrednim tlima Istočne Hrvatske (Slavonija i Baranja). Prikupljeno je 45 uzoraka tla s oraničnoga sloja (0-25cm). Uzorci su analizirani sljedećim metodama: ekstrakcije jakim kiselinama (HNO3 ekstrakcija i aqua regia), ekstrakcija slabom kiselinom (EDTA) i najslabija ekstrakcija, koja predstavlja najraspoloživiju frakciju, frakciju u otopini tla, vodotopiva frakcija. Uzorci su ispitani za pet elemenata (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn i Zn). Vodotopiva je frakcija pokazala najbolju korelaciju s EDTA ekstrakcijom (Cu, Fe i Mn), dok su ukupne ekstrakcije (HNO3 i aqua regia) korelirale s vodotopivom frakcijom samo za Cu. Nepostojanje korelacije između vodotopive frakcije i metoda za ukupne koncentracije potvrdila je lošu ulogu ukupne koncentracije kao pokazatelj raspoloživosti. EDTA ekstrakcija se može donekle koristiti za predstavljanje dostupne koncentracije teških metala u tlu, ali ju se, također, treba uzeti s oprezom kada se koristiti za opisivanje raspoloživoga dijela

ANTIOKSIDATIVNI ODGOVOR U LISTU JAGODA (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) NA TRETMANE BIOSTIMULATORIMA UZ REDUCIRANU GNOJIDBU DUŠIKOM I KALIJEM

Strawberry cultivar Elsanta was grown in peat based substrate in a green house. Full dose and 50% reduced nitrogen and potassium fertilization were applied during fruit bearing period in spring, along with biostimulators Viva®, Megafol® and their combination. The specific activities of guaiacol peroxidase (GPXs; EC 1.11.1.7), catalase (CATs; EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APXs; EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GRs; EC 1.6.4.2) in strawberry leaf were stimulated by biostimulators and reduced fertilization. The strongest link seen here was between the enzymes of ascorbate-glutathione cycle (APXs and GRs), which were positively related to trifoliate leaf fresh mass (TLFM). The highest TLFM was observed in Megafol® treated plants.Sorta jagoda Elsanta uzgajana je u tresetnom supstratu u plasteniku. Puna doza i 50% smanjena doza dušika i kalija primjenjene su tijekom proljetnoga plodonošenja, uz primjenu biostimulatora Viva®, Megafol® i njihove kombinacije. Specifične aktivnosti gvajakol peroksidaze (GPXs; EC 1.11.1.7), katalaze (CATs; EC 1.11.1.6), askorbat peroksidaze (APXs; EC 1.11.1.11) i glutation reduktaze (GRs; EC 1.6.4.2) u listu jagode bile su značajno više poslije tretiranja biostimulatorima i reduciranom gnojidbom. Najjača povezanost uočena u ovom istraživanju, bila je između enzima askorbat-glutation ciklusa (APXs i GRs), koji su bili u pozitivnoj korelaciji s masom svježega lista (TLFM). Najveća masa svježega lista (TLFM) uočena je na biljkama tretiranim Megafolom®

ANTIOKSIDATIVNI ODGOVOR U LISTU JAGODA (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) NA TRETMANE BIOSTIMULATORIMA UZ REDUCIRANU GNOJIDBU DUŠIKOM I KALIJEM

Strawberry cultivar Elsanta was grown in peat based substrate in a green house. Full dose and 50% reduced nitrogen and potassium fertilization were applied during fruit bearing period in spring, along with biostimulators Viva®, Megafol® and their combination. The specific activities of guaiacol peroxidase (GPXs; EC 1.11.1.7), catalase (CATs; EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APXs; EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GRs; EC 1.6.4.2) in strawberry leaf were stimulated by biostimulators and reduced fertilization. The strongest link seen here was between the enzymes of ascorbate-glutathione cycle (APXs and GRs), which were positively related to trifoliate leaf fresh mass (TLFM). The highest TLFM was observed in Megafol® treated plants.Sorta jagoda Elsanta uzgajana je u tresetnom supstratu u plasteniku. Puna doza i 50% smanjena doza dušika i kalija primjenjene su tijekom proljetnoga plodonošenja, uz primjenu biostimulatora Viva®, Megafol® i njihove kombinacije. Specifične aktivnosti gvajakol peroksidaze (GPXs; EC 1.11.1.7), katalaze (CATs; EC 1.11.1.6), askorbat peroksidaze (APXs; EC 1.11.1.11) i glutation reduktaze (GRs; EC 1.6.4.2) u listu jagode bile su značajno više poslije tretiranja biostimulatorima i reduciranom gnojidbom. Najjača povezanost uočena u ovom istraživanju, bila je između enzima askorbat-glutation ciklusa (APXs i GRs), koji su bili u pozitivnoj korelaciji s masom svježega lista (TLFM). Najveća masa svježega lista (TLFM) uočena je na biljkama tretiranim Megafolom®