Direct measurement of the quantum state of the electromagnetic field in a superconducting transmission line

We propose an experimental procedure to directly measure the state of an electromagnetic field inside a resonator, corresponding to a superconducting transmission line, coupled to a Cooper-pair box (CPB). The measurement protocol is based on the use of a dispersive interaction between the field and the CPB, and the coupling to an external classical field that is tuned to resonance with either the field or the CPB. We present a numerical simulation that demonstrates the feasibility of this protocol, which is within reach of present technology.Comment: Accepted for publication in Physical Review A (Rapid Communication). 4 pages, 2 figure

Do exporters gain from voluntary export restraints?

Most literature suggests that voluntary export restraints (VER) are not very harmful for the exporting country. This paper argues that this view is misconceived. Most work has focused on the welfare loss to the importing country arising from a loss of income transfer combined with a distortionary loss in efficiency. Implicit is the message that the often large rent transfer to the exporting country is likely to compensate for any induced inefficiency losses. This paper studies the effects on distribution and efficiency when VERs force factors out of industries in which they are most productive. It develops a general theoretical model that establishes qualitative conditions under which a VER will result in industry contraction, spillovers of exports to unrestricted markets, and losses in national welfare. It estimates key parameters of supply and demand for leather footwear exports from Taiwan subject to the U.S. Orderly Marketing Agreement, and explores the implications in a calibrated simulation exercise. The results are a strongindictment of VERs. For most plausible parameter values, VERs redirect exports, reduce the size of the industry, and cause overall economic losses, expecially if the affected industry is large.Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Markets and Market Access,Access to Markets,Water and Industry

Price and quality effects of VERs - revisited : a case study of Korean footwear exports

The application of index numbers to disaggregated Korean footwear exports during 1974-85 suggests that binding voluntary export restraints (VERs) led to significant price increases but not to the upgrading of quality predicted in earlier theoretical analyses. The results in this paper were derived from exporters rather than importers data. Drawing its comparisons from multilateral indices, the paper finds that the price of Korean footwear exports to the United States rose significantly in the years when the VERs were binding. VERs were associated less with quality upgrading and if anything were possibly associated with quality downgrading. The empirical results confirm that as a result of VER type restrictions on shoes, rents accrue to the exporting country, but shoes do not show the improved quality that automobiles do under similar restrictions.Access to Markets,Markets and Market Access,Economic Theory&Research,Transport and Trade Logistics,Common Carriers Industry

Allelopathic effect of the Cladonia verticillaris lichen extracts and fumarprotocetraric acid on the early growth of germinated seedlings in Allium cepa L.

The allelopathic activity of the different type of Cladonia verticillaris lichen extracts and fumarprotocetraric acid on the early growth of A. cepa (IPA 6) germinated seedlings depends on their chemical composition and concentration, respectively. It was observed that the length of the radicle was significantly stimulated by fumarprotocetraric acid at high concentrations and by the total extract of C. verticillaris thalli, which contained high level of fumarprotocetraric, acid confirmed by HPLC – technique. In addition, it was found, that the phosphate buffer extract, which contained high level of methy betha-orcinol carboxilate measured by HPLC, significantly reduced the length of the hypocotyls. Under our experimental conditions there was no influence of different type of extract and fumarprotocetraric acid on the seed germination ratio of A. cepa, in relation to control. From the study of HPLC it was found that fumarprotocetraric acid and methy betha-orcinol carboxilate were present in all extracts at different concentrations, according to the method of extraction

Magnetization reversals in a disk-shaped small magnet with an interface

We consider a nanodisk possessing two coupled materials with different ferromagnetic exchange constant. The common border line of the two media passes at the disk center dividing the system exactly in two similar half-disks. The vortex core motion crossing the interface is investigated with a simple description based on a two-dimensional model which mimics a very thin real material with such a line defect. The main result of this study is that, depending on the magnetic coupling which connects the media, the vortex core can be dramatically and repeatedly flipped from up to down and vice versa by the interface. This phenomenon produces burst-like emission of spin waves each time the switching process takes place.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figure

GBS-SNP-CROP: a reference-optional pipeline for SNP discovery and plant germplasm characterization using variable length, paired-end genotyping-by-sequencing data

Background: With its simple library preparation and robust approach to genome reduction, genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) is a flexible and cost-effective strategy for SNP discovery and genotyping, provided an appropriate reference genome is available. For resource-limited curation, research, and breeding programs of underutilized plant genetic resources, however, even low-depth references may not be within reach, despite declining sequencing costs. Such programs would find value in an open-source bioinformatics pipeline that can maximize GBS data usage and perform high-density SNP genotyping in the absence of a reference. Results: The GBS SNP-Calling Reference Optional Pipeline (GBS-SNP-CROP) developed and presented here adopts a clustering strategy to build a population-tailored “Mock Reference” from the same GBS data used for downstream SNP calling and genotyping. Designed for libraries of paired-end (PE) reads, GBS-SNP-CROP maximizes data usage by eliminating unnecessary data culling due to imposed read-length uniformity requirements. Using 150 bp PE reads from a GBS library of 48 accessions of tetraploid kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta), GBS-SNP-CROP yielded on average three times as many SNPs as TASSEL-GBS analyses (32 and 64 bp tag lengths) and over 18 times as many as TASSEL-UNEAK, with fewer genotyping errors in all cases, as evidenced by comparing the genotypic characterizations of biological replicates. Using the published reference genome of a related diploid species (A. chinensis), the reference-based version of GBS-SNP-CROP behaved similarly to TASSEL-GBS in terms of the number of SNPs called but had an improved read depth distribution and fewer genotyping errors. Our results also indicate that the sets of SNPs detected by the different pipelines above are largely orthogonal to one another; thus GBS-SNP-CROP may be used to augment the results of alternative analyses, whether or not a reference is available. Conclusions: By achieving high-density SNP genotyping in populations for which no reference genome is available, GBS-SNP-CROP is worth consideration by curators, researchers, and breeders of under-researched plant genetic resources. In cases where a reference is available, especially if from a related species or when the target population is particularly diverse, GBS-SNP-CROP may complement other reference-based pipelines by extracting more information per sequencing dollar spent. The current version of GBS-SNP-CROP is available at https://github.com/halelab/GBS-SNP-CROP.gi