Mechanical and Electrical Characterization of Nanocomposites Liquid-Solid Conductive Ink on Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Substrate

With drastic development of wearable electronics have urged the studies on the conductive ink and flexible substrate. Wearable electronics consist of nanocomposites liquid-solid conductive ink and flexible substrate such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET). They were produced by using stencil printing method. This paper presents the mechanical and electrical characteristics of  conductive ink with unloaded condition. The conductive ink was printed with four patterns, which were straight, curve, square and zig-zag patterns. Then, all four patterns were tested for their surface morphology, surface roughness, sheet resistivity and bulk resistivity. Surface morphology showed that conductive ink with 3 mm width had less granular particle formed than conductive ink with 1 mm width. Surface roughness of conductive ink with 3 mm width was smoother compared to 2 mm width and 1 mm width. Sheet resistivity and bulk resistivity results indicated that resistivity of all four patterns decreased with the increase of the conductive ink width. From the result, it showed that conductive ink with straight pattern has the best performance. Meanwhile, individual result for each pattern had its own function inside the circuit track.

Nanoscale Graphene Nanoparticles Conductive Ink Mechanical Performance Based On Nanoindentation Analysis

Common conductive inks can be classified into three categories, which are noble metals, conductive polymers and carbon nanomaterials. Carbon nanomaterials offer many potential opportunities to be applied in printed and flexible electronics. Therefore, this paper aims to produce highly functional conductive ink using graphene nanoparticles with epoxy as a binder. As a baseline, graphene-filler conductive ink was formulated using a minimum percentage at the beginning. Then, the filler loading was increased based on the required conductivity level. This is to make sure the materials are in contact with each other and the movement of an electron will become easier. The formulation of ink, mixing process, printing process and curing process were performed to produce highly conductive graphene ink. The electrical and mechanical properties were assessed using a Four-point probe as per ASTM F390 and Dynamic Ultra Micro Hardness (DUMH) test as per ASTM E2546-1. Graphene Nanoplatelet (GNP) aggregates are unique nanoparticles consisting of shorts stacks of graphene sheets with platelets shape. They typically consist of aggregates of sub-micron platelets that have a particle diameter less than 2 microns, typical particle thickness of a few nanometers, a bulk density of 0.2 to 0.4 g/cc, an oxygen content of 98 wt%, and in the form of black granules. In this paper, the effect on sheet resistivity and nanoindentation for straight line-shape, curve-shape, square-shape and zigzag-shape circuits printed on Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) substrate using Graphene Nanoparticles (GNPs) conductive ink as the connection material were investigated. The samples in this study were fabricated using a screen-printing method with a fixed circuit width of 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm. The straight-shape circuit, curve-shape, square-shape and zig-zag-shape circuits represent the electrical connection with 180°, A°, 90° and B° directional angles. The effect of varying circuit width on the sheet resistivity of all printed circuit mentioned before was later measured using Four-point probe. Nanoindentation was conducted using instrumental machines with indenter load and indenter displacement that can be continuously and simultaneously recorded during indenter loading and unloadin

Electrical, Morphological And Surface Roughness Analysis Of Silver Nanoparticles-Filled Epoxy Conductive Ink

Conductive ink has become a potential alternative to replace the conventional circuitry in electronic applications. Due to this, various efforts have been conducted to obtain the optimum ink formulation that can fulfill the current demand. The objective of this study is to determine the performance of different formulations of silver nanoparticles-filled epoxy conductive ink with various filler loadings in terms of electrical conductivity. The main investigated parameter was the sheet resistance of the composition. The changes of morphology of the ink surface and surface roughness were also examined, which directly correlated to the sheet resistivity. The obtained results showed that the minimum threshold of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) filler required was 60 %wt for the ink to conduct electricity. However, this filler loading was not acceptable because of the wide dispersion of data. The ink filler loadings that can conduct electricity also showed the presence of granular particles on the ink layer surfaces, which also increased their surface roughness. The sheet resistance value also achieved a saturated value with filler loading of 90 %wt. It means that further addition of filler loading is not going to further improve the sheet resistivity of the composition. Based on this study, it can be summarised that the percentages of AgNP filler loadings of conductive ink that can fulfil the acceptable performance are between 70 to 90 %wt

Comparison measurements of low resistance and high strength on synthesis graphene conductive ink filled epoxy

Stretchable and conductive materials are expected to be widely used for various electronic equipment in the future especially in the field of automotive safety. Flexibility and expandability are the main features of the Stretchable Conductive Ink (SCI) while maintaining the high conductivity levels and can be applied to electronic circuits in vehicles especially for driver health monitoring systems. The experimental work obtained the suitable formulation of the conductive ink based on the resistivity and elasticity values. Five different percentages of samples, 10 wt.% until 30 wt.% with each sample interval represents 5 wt.%. Samples of 20 wt.%, 25 wt.%, and 30 wt.% did not show significant differences in terms of the average volume of resistivity. Filler loading of 25 wt. %of GNP in the filler loading matrix produced the best results for nanomechanical properties. Low resistance and high elasticity of SCI in the vehicle electronic equipment can monitor more effectively the driver's health as SCI can be stretched according to the shape of the human body. It also has good conductivity to measure the movement of the human pulse and muscles

Effect of the different printing patterns of graphene nanoparticles in conductive ink on electrical and mechanical performance

The utilization of graphene in the formation of conductive ink has been positively accepted by the electronics industry especially with the emerging of printable and flexible electronics. Because of that, it motivates this study to investigate the electrical, mechanical, and morphological properties for different patterns of Graphene Nanoparticle (GNP) conductive ink. The samples were prepared using the screen-printing technique with a low annealing temperature of 100 ºC for 30 minutes. The investigated parameter for the electrical property was the sheet resistivity, which showed that the zigzag pattern recorded the highest value of 1.077 kΩ/sq at the 3 mm of ink thickness. For the mechanical properties, the highest of hardness for 2 mm thickness was the curve pattern and for 3 mm was the square pattern, with the values of 3.849 GPa and 4.913 GPa. Both maximum values showed a direct correlation with the behavior of the elastic modulus of the ink. The maximum values of elastic modulus were recorded at the same ink pattern and thickness. For the morphological analysis, the surface roughness and qualitative analysis using SEM images were performed. The surface roughness showed that the increase of GNP in the composition increased the surface roughness because it decreased the homogeneity of the mixture. The recorded SEM images of the ink layer microstructure surface showed a direct correlation with the obtained sheet resistivity data. The samples that produced high sheet resistivity showed the presence of bumps, creases, and defects on the ink layer surface. Based on the obtained data, the correlation between electrical, mechanical, and morphological properties can be established for the GNP conductive ink with various patterns and thicknesses

EFFECT OF LOAD AND TEMPERATURE ON FRICTION USING BANANA PEEL BLENDED WITH PARAFFIN OIL UNDER HIGH LOADING CAPACITY

 Increased severity in operating conditions coupled with the environmental and toxicity issues related with using conventional lubricants. In addition, high price of fossil fuels has led to exploration of new kind natural additives as bio-lubricant. Banana Peel as agricultural wastes are potential to be developed as bio-oils that to replace the petroleum products, due to their environmentally friendly characteristics, biodegradable, nontoxic and renewable. The purpose of this study is to produce lubricant oil from Banana Peel (BP) as bio additives in paraffin oil, as well as to determine their physical and tribological properties as bio-lubricant under severe operation conditions to identify their ability for lubricants. Tribological performance of Banana Peel (BP) as a bio-lubricant was tested using four-ball test machined under extreme pressure conditions, according to ASTM D 2783-03. Experimental results showed significant improvement in overall performance with increased BP content compared with paraffin oil (PO) through Coefficient of Friction parameter (COF) at 100 ˚C, lower value of COF which 0.086 for 50 %BP followed by 20% BP, 5% BP and 100 %PO at values 0.089, 0.456 and 0.595 respectively. As results, banana peel as Extreme Pressure and Anti-Wear additives has been proven itself able for use in lubrication applications for gear and engine oils

Mathematical Modelling Of Passive Discrete Lumped Parameter System Using Standard Malaysian Rubber Constant Viscosity

This paper represents the basic and circular vibration isolator in High Frequencies using Malaysian natural rubber. Rubber material is chosen because it has very high damping to ensure the sufficient dissipation of vibration energy from the seismic wave. They are two methods involve in this paper, which are lumped parameter and wave propagation techniques. The lumped parameter system is developed to represent the baseline model of laminated rubber-metal spring. Wave propagation model is developed using non- dispersive rod. The mathematical modeling of laminated rubber-metal spring has been developed based on the internal resonance, lumped parameter and finite rod model, respectively. For a conclusion, the mathematical modeling of a prediction of basic and circular vibration isolator can be as a tool to predict the new trial-error method for developing new compounding of the vibration isolator in future, respectively

Test Load Determination On Composite Standard Malaysian Rubber Constant Viscosity 60 For Earthquake Isolator

This paper describes the test load determination on composite Standard Malaysia Rubber constant viscosity 60 for earthquake isolators. The usage of natural rubber in the development of earthquake isolators for building application has led to the investigation on its mechanical properties such as hardness, elastic modulus and many more. In this study, the mechanical properties of Standard Malaysian Rubber with constant viscosity 60 with various percentage of carbon black were investigated. The main purpose of this study is to implement the usage of Standard Malaysian Rubber as the main substance in the development of earthquake isolators. The nano-indentation was carried out by using Berkovich tips at a constant load with various holding time and it recorded the highest hardness and elastic modulus values and possessed the lowest penetration depth. This test also revealed that the hardness and penetration depth were independent of the holding time. In contrast, the indentation elastic modulus was found to be highly affected by the holding time. By using the nano-indentation test, it can determined that the mechanical properties of Standard Malaysian Rubber, is more cost-effective, non-destructive, and requires small test piece as compared to the conventional technique

Prediction Of Basic And Circular Vibration Isolator In High Frequencies Using Malaysian Natural Rubber For Highway C2L Machine

This paper represents the basic and circular vibration isolator in High Frequencies using Malaysian natural rubber. Rubber material is chosen because it has very high damping to ensure the sufficient dissipation of vibration energy from the seismic wave. They are two methods involve in this paper, which are lumped parameter and wave propagation techniques. The lumped parameter system is developed to represent the baseline model of laminated rubber-metal spring. Wave propagation model is developed using non-dispersive rod. The mathematical modeling of laminated rubber-metal spring has been developed based on the internal resonance, lumped parameter and finite rod model, respectively. For a conclusion, the mathematical modeling of a prediction of basic and circular vibration isolator can be as a tool to predict the new trial-error method for developing new compounding of the vibration isolator in future, respectively

Nanoindentation Of Graphene Reinforced Epoxy Resin As A Conductive Ink For Microelectronic Packaging Application

Conductive ink is a special type of ink which allows current to flow through the ink. There are several varieties of conductive inks in the market and it is crucial to choose a suitable ink for the electronic applications. Graphene material is chosen to replace the current ink due to its promising properties that have been explored by many researchers. This paper aims to investigate the effect of temperature and percentage of graphene ink on hardness and Young's modulus of printed graphene ink samples. Samples were fabricated using a simple method involving formulating, mixing, printing and curing processes and the ink was printed on the glass slide substrate. The samples were cured at 160°C and 180°C for one hour. The mechanical properties of printed graphene ink sample were evaluated using Dynamic Ultra Micro Hardness (DUMH). All the measurements were done with the same force of indentation to avoid the possibility of perforation of printed graphene ink. The results show that higher curing temperature and percentage of filler loading give bigger Young’s modulus and hardness of the printed graphene ink sample