Implementation of East African Community Law by Partner States: A review of relevant laws

On 30 November 1999, the Heads of State of the East African Community met in Arusha, Tanzania, and concluded the Treaty for the establishment of the East African Community. The Treaty came into force on 7 July 2000. The founding members of this Community were Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania. Rwanda and Burundi acceded to the Treaty in 2007 while South Sudan acceded to the Treaty in 2016. While the treaty has the potential of promoting unity among the partner states, this is threatened by the fact that it fails to address how Partner States should implement it. A critical analysis of the jurisprudence from the East African Court of Justice and those of the Court of Justice of the European Union shows that community law is an autonomous legal order in which Partner States have accepted to cede part of their sovereignty to the community. Therefore, community law, unlike international law which houses it, has primacy over the municipal law of the Partner States, notwithstanding their constitutional philosophies. This paper seeks to examine how East African Community Law is implemented by partner states by reviewing the EAC Treaty, the decisions of the East African Court of Justice and the municipal laws of partner states. Decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the implementation of European Union Law by Partner States of the European Union are discussed as lessons to be learnt in the East African Community

Mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in selected soils of Iowa and Nigeria

Environmental pollution due to release of heavy metals from various sources is a widespread problem throughout the world. This research was conducted to investigate the behavior of heavy metals released to soils from sewage-sludge application and ore mining. The distribution, chemical forms, bioavailability and microenvironment of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Ni in sewage-sludge-amended Ultisols from southeastern Nigeria, and Pb and Zn in Alfisols of an abandoned mine in northeast Iowa, were investigated using field studies and microanalytical techniques to complement standard bulk analytical methods. After 37 years of sludge amendment, the soil chemical properties had changed enough to wan-ant a reclassification of the Nigerian soil from an Ultisol to an Alfisol. High contents of Zn and Cu and low contents of Pb and Ni in the amended soil compared to a control soil reflected the concentrations of the metals in the sludge. Enrichment of Zn and Cu down the profile indicated that metals had moved from the zone of incorporation. At the abandoned Pb and Zn mine in Iowa, mining influenced pedogenesis in the immediate mining areas and resulted in redistribution of Pb in the soils. Pb was localized mainly in Fe oxide nodules and in residual fractions. The native vegetation had taken up more Pb and Zn at the contaminated site than at the control site. DTPA, total metal content and sequential extractions were strongly correlated with plant uptake of Zn, but none of the extractions showed a conclusive linear relationship with plant uptake of Pb. Pedological approaches offers great possibilities for assessing heavy metal problems in soils

Minéralogie, pétrographie et géochimie de la syénite d'Ina (Linté, centre du Cameroun) comme source de feldspaths industriels.

peer reviewedThe syenite from Ina (Central region of Cameroon) constitutes a 1000 km² syntectonic batholith intruded in the Paleoproterozoic granitic basement. The aim of this work is to assess the potential of the Ina batholith syenite as a feldspar minerals resource for industrial use through petrographic and geochemical characterization. Most of the rocks are grey coloured and consist of shimmering feldspar phenocrysts in a fine-grained ferromagnesian matrix. Petrography reveals the presence of two major syenite facies: a widely distributed porphyritic syenite and a less-abundant massive syenite. These facies are dominated by phenocrysts of sub-automorphic perthitic orthoclase. Its malgachite face is due to the presence of numerous inclusions of opaque minerals observed by scanning electron microscopy (ESEM-EDX). Plagioclase phenocrysts have a zonal texture characterised microscopically by an oscillatory compositional zonation. Biotite, hornblende and augite, identified by X-ray powder diffraction, are finely disseminated in the feldspar matrix. Quartz appears as small automorphic crystals with maximum abundance of about 4 wt%. The XRF chemical composition reveals, alongside silica (59.29 wt% to 63.27 wt%), significant proportion of alumina (15.82 wt% to 19.80 wt%), potassium and sodium oxides considered as fluxing elements (K 2 O + Na 2 O ≥ 10 wt%). The K 2 O/Na 2 O ratio varies between 1.65 and 5.51 (average 2.58). Iron and titanium oxides (1 ≥ wt% Fe 2 O 3 + TiO 2 ≥ 5), harmful in ceramic industry, are high as in most other feldspathic sources. The characteristics of the Ina syenite are close to most of the syenite ores used worldwide for How to cite this paper:LES SYÉNITES DE LINTÉ (CENTRE-CAMEROUN), CARTOGRAPHIE, PÉTROGRAPHIE ET POTENTIALITÉS EN MINÉRAUX INDUSTRIELS15. Life on lan

Mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in selected soils of Iowa and Nigeria

Environmental pollution due to release of heavy metals from various sources is a widespread problem throughout the world. This research was conducted to investigate the behavior of heavy metals released to soils from sewage-sludge application and ore mining. The distribution, chemical forms, bioavailability and microenvironment of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Ni in sewage-sludge-amended Ultisols from southeastern Nigeria, and Pb and Zn in Alfisols of an abandoned mine in northeast Iowa, were investigated using field studies and microanalytical techniques to complement standard bulk analytical methods. After 37 years of sludge amendment, the soil chemical properties had changed enough to wan-ant a reclassification of the Nigerian soil from an Ultisol to an Alfisol. High contents of Zn and Cu and low contents of Pb and Ni in the amended soil compared to a control soil reflected the concentrations of the metals in the sludge. Enrichment of Zn and Cu down the profile indicated that metals had moved from the zone of incorporation. At the abandoned Pb and Zn mine in Iowa, mining influenced pedogenesis in the immediate mining areas and resulted in redistribution of Pb in the soils. Pb was localized mainly in Fe oxide nodules and in residual fractions. The native vegetation had taken up more Pb and Zn at the contaminated site than at the control site. DTPA, total metal content and sequential extractions were strongly correlated with plant uptake of Zn, but none of the extractions showed a conclusive linear relationship with plant uptake of Pb. Pedological approaches offers great possibilities for assessing heavy metal problems in soils.</p

4e Symposium du réseau RRENAB (Lyon, 11-13 mai 2007)

Emerick Bissila Mbila Louison. 4e Symposium du réseau RRENAB (Lyon, 11-13 mai 2007). In: Revue théologique de Louvain, 38ᵉ année, fasc. 4, 2007. pp. 598-600

Finite Cardinals in General Topoi

Finite cardinals in topoi are introduced without assuming the existence of a natural number object. It is proved that this notion is equivalent to the conjunction of K-finiteness and simple finiteness. In this way, simple finiteness is viewed as a notion which corrects some defects of K-finiteness to obtain cardinal finiteness