Intermolecular Coulombic Decay in Biology: The Initial Electron Detachment from FADH^– in DNA Photolyases

Intermolecular coulombic decay (ICD) is an efficient mechanism of low-energy electron generation in condensed phases and is discussed as their potential source in living cells, tissues, and materials. The first example of ICD as an operating mechanism in real biological systems, that is, in the DNA repair enzymes photolyases, is presented. Photolyase function involves light-induced electron detachment from a reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH^–), followed by its transfer to the DNA-lesion triggering repair of covalently bound nucleobase dimers. Modern quantum chemical methods are employed to demonstrate that the transferred electron is efficiently generated via a resonant ICD process between the antenna pigment and the FADH^– cofactors

Calculated and simulated prevalence in Simulation 2.

<p>If we mimic a cross-sectional study at year we obtain the age-specific prevalence as indicated by the black bars (with 95% confidence bounds). For comparison the analytically calculated age-specific prevalence is shown as blue line.</p

Three states model of normal (healthy), diseased and dead subjects.

<p>The transition rates may depend on calender time age and in case of also on the duration of the disease.</p

Histograms of the age of onset and age at death in a hypothetical chronic disease.

<p>In Simulation 2 the empirical distributions of the age of onset (left) and the age at death of the diseased persons (right) are estimated.</p

Age at diagnosis and disease duration of 513 British women with SLE in a simulated cohort.

<p>Example how to read the table: 108 of the women are diagnosed in the age group 35–44, 13.9% of those die 5–9 years after diagnosis.</p><p>Age at diagnosis and disease duration of 513 British women with SLE in a simulated cohort.</p

Theoretical and simulated age-specific prevalence.

<p>Simulation 1 comprises persons. The resulting age-specific prevalence (black crosses) is compared to the analytically calculated prevalence (blue solid line). The example shows the very good agreement between the simulation and the theoretical results.</p

Three-dimensional Lexis diagram with two life lines.

<p>Abscissa, ordinate and applicate (z-axis) represent calendar time , age and duration , respectively. The life lines start at birth and end at death The first subject (blue line segments) contracts the disease at . Then, the life line changes its direction. The second subject (red line segment) does not contract the disease, the life line remains in the <i>t</i>-<i>a</i>-plane.</p

Additional file 1: of Assessment of a bedside test for N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) to differentiate cardiac from non-cardiac causes of pleural effusion in cats

The table contains all information of the cats described and analyzed in this study (Signalement, Physical examination findings, Echocardiographic measurements, Diagnosis, Classification and NT-pro BNP values). (XLSX 13 kb

Analyzing the serum reaction against human CSN1S1 with respect to formula-fed and breast-fed test persons.

<p>4.1) For each cut-off value, sensitivity and specificity were calculated to choose the optimal cut-off value for the assay which was 0.4. sensitivity; ▪ specificity ▴ 4.2) The 62 probands were divided into two collectives (formula-fed and breast-fed). 25 of the 62 volunteers were formula-fed and 37 were breast-fed. Only 5 sera of the formula-fed collective have an absorption value over 0.4 and 2 sera of the breast-fed collective have an absorption value under 0.4. (dotted line = cut-off value).</p

Antibody reaction against bovine αS1-casein.

<p>(A) Antibody reaction against <i>E. coli</i> UT5600(DE3) pSH3 (control, lane1), <i>E. coli</i> UT5600(DE3) displaying human CSN1S1 (lane 2) and E. coli UT5600(DE3) displaying bovine CSN1S1 (lane3) measured by SD-ELISA with a rabbit polyclonal anti- bovine CSN1S1 antibody. For detection a goat HRP conjugated anti rabbit antibody was used according to the conditions described for <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032716#pone-0032716-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3</a>. (B) The antibody reaction against <i>E. coli</i> UT5600(DE3) pSH3 (control, black columns) and <i>E. coli</i> UT5600(DE3) displaying bovine CSN1S1 (white columns) were analyzed at different concentrations of the rabbit polyclonal anti-bovine CSN1S1 antiserum or in PBS with 3% FCS as negative control. (C) The SD ELISA against bovine CSN1S1 was repeated three times independently in triplicates at the highest antibody concentration applied (200 ng/ml) with <i>E. coli</i> UT5600(DE3)SH3 (control, lanes 1–3) and <i>E. coli</i> UT5600(DE3) displaying bovine CSN1S1 (lane4–6) in order to test the reproducibility.</p