Transition and problems of safety measures for playground in Japan

Since 1960s, injuries have been the main cause of death for children. The prevention of the accidents of children remains a serious social problem. Especially, we see numerous accidents with playground equipment. However, Japan didn\u27t have any safety guidelines and standards of the playground equipment. And also measures of accident prevention were far from satisfactory. At last, in 2002, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport published the safety guideline of the playground equipment. In spite of the publication of the guideline, accidents caused by playground equipment still occur occasionally. In this study, we examine the problem of the actual guideline and the way to improve the situation concerning the playground for the children from a viewpoint of social risk management

A Consideration about the definition of a risk /hazard in the Playground Safety Guidelines and Standards

This paper surveys the definition of \u27risk\u27 and \u27hazard\u27 described in the Japanese Safety Guidelines of playground comparing with the guidelines of EU and those of USA. In 2002, the Guidelines for Ensuring Playground Equipment Safety in Urban Parks was announced by the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transportation and Tourism (MLIT), and they defined the importance of play value and children\u27s safety in the guidelines. On the process of defining the Japanese word for danger, \u27KIKEN\u27, the MLIT translated the word into \u27risk\u27 and \u27hazard\u27. The word \u27risk\u27 indicates that children are able to identify the challenges and manage them as well. In other words, the word \u27KIKEN\u27 implying the meaning of \u27risk\u27 is essential part of the growing process for children. On the other hand, the word \u27hazard\u27 indicates that children cannot identify or it is impossible for children to foresee the danger. Therefore, \u27hazard\u27 should be eliminated. However, the words \u27risk\u27 and \u27hazard\u27 are not defined the same in other fields such as ISO/IEC Guide 51, Guide 73 and the EU and USA guidelines. It means that MLIT was trying to define the different definition or concept of \u27risk\u27 and \u27hazard\u27 used in the EU and USA guidelines. In other words, the definition of \u27risk\u27 and \u27hazard\u27 by MLIT is different from international standards, and therefore it could confuse the guidelines\u27 readers and users. MLIT\u27s safely guidelines must have had intention of keeping the play value. In order to realize its initial intention, the definition of \u27risk\u27 and \u27hazard\u27 should be redefined. Furthermore, risk management is most necessary in the playground management

Upper mantle electrical resistivity structure beneath the Southwest Indian Ridge 37ºE

第3回極域科学シンポジウム/第32回極域地学シンポジウム 11月30日（金） 国立極地研究所 ３階ラウン

子どもの事故低減のための公園を中心とした遊び場マネジメント [論文要旨及び審査の要旨]

関西大

A study on playground risk management for children\u27s injuries reduction

関西大

3D Observation of GEMS by Electron Tomography

Amorphous silicates in chondritic porous interplanetary dust particles (CP-IDPs) coming from comets are dominated by glass with embedded metal and sulfides (GEMS). GEMS grains are submicron-sized rounded objects (typically 100-500) nm in diameter) with anaometer-sized (10-50 nm) Fe-Ni metal and sulfide grains embedded in an amorphous silicate matrix. Several formation processes for GEMS grains have been proposed so far, but these models are still being debated [2-5]. Bradley et al. proposed that GEMS grains are interstellar silicate dust that survived various metamorphism or alteration processes in the protoplanetary disk and that they are amorphiation products of crystalline silicates in the interstellar medium by sputter-deposition of cosmic ray irradiation, similar to space weathering [2,4]. This consideration is based on the observation of nano-sized crystals (approximately 10 nm) called relict grains in GEMS grains and their shapes are pseudomorphs to the host GEMS grains. On the other hand, Keller and Messenger proposed that most GEMS formed in the protoplanetary disk as condensates from high temperature gas [3,5]. This model is based on the fact that most GEMS grains have solar isotopic compositions and have extremely heterogeneous and non-solar elemental compositions. Keller and Messenger (2011) also reported that amorphous silicates in GEMS grains are surrounded by sulfide grains, which formed as sulfidization of metallic iron grains located on the GEMS surface. The previous studies were performed with 2D observation by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or scanning TEM (STEM). In order to understand the structure of GEMS grains described above more clearly, we observed 3D structure of GEMS grains by electron tomography using a TEM/STEM (JEM-2100F, JEOL) at Kyoto University. Electron tomography gives not only 3D structures but also gives higher spatial resolution (approximately a few nm) than that in conventional 2D image, which is restricted by sample thickness ) approx. or greater than 50 nm). Three cluster IDPs (L2036AA5 cluster4, L2009L8 cluster 13 and W726A2) were used for the observations. ID W726A2 was collected without silicon oil, which is ordinary used to collect IDPs, so this sample has no possibility of contaminations caused by silicon oil or solvent to rinse it [6]. The samples were embedded in epoxy risin and sliced into ultrathin sections (50-300 nm) using an ultramicotome. The sections were observed by BF-TEM and HAADF-STEM (high angle annular dark field-scanning TEM) modes. Images were obtained by rotating the sample tilt angle over a range of +/- 65 deg in 1 deg steps. The obtained images were reconstructed to slice images. Mineral phases in the slice images were estimated by comparing with a 2D elemental map obtained by an EDS (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) system equipped in the TEM/STEM. Careful examination of the slice images confirmed that iron grains are embedded in the amorphous silicate matrix of the GEMS grains, but sulfide grains were mainly present on the surface of the amorphous silicate. These results are consistent with the model that GEMS grains formed as condensates [3,5], although more data are needed to conclude the origin of GEMS grains. The present study is the first successful example adapting the electron tomography to the IDPs. This type of analysis will be important for planetary material sciences in the future

Risk Information Disclosure and Work-Life Balance

　本稿では，長時間労働や，サービス残業など，ワークライフバランスを阻害する働き方の諸問題について，リスク情報の開示という観点から，企業がどのように情報開示を行っているかを考察する.まず第一に，企業によるリスク情報の開示（リスクマネジメントの組織体制，会社法規定に基づく「損失の管理に関する規定その他の体制」，内閣府令に基づく「事業等のリスク」）について概観する．第二に，ワークライフバランスを阻害する働き方をめぐる問題について検討し，ワークライフバランスについてどのようにWEBサイト上で情報開示が行われているかを考察する.考察を通じて，①ワークライフバランスの不全はリスク情報の開示項目の対象とはされていないこと，②ワークライフバランスについて記述する場合であっても，長時間労働防止について具体的な施策を開示している企業は多くないことが確認できた． This study analyzes how companies disclose information on poor work-life balance such as in the case of excessive work hours. First, we study whether the companies consider poor work-life balance problems as an object of risk information disclosure. Second, we discuss the way people work in Japanese society. The results of our survey suggest that companies should treat poor work-life balance issues as an object of risk information disclosure

ARG098, a novel anti-human Fas antibody, suppresses synovial hyperplasia and prevents cartilage destruction in a severe combined immunodeficient-HuRAg mouse model

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The anti-human Fas/APO-1/CD95 (Fas) mouse/human chimeric monoclonal IgM antibody ARG098 (ARG098) targets the human Fas molecule. The cytotoxic effects of ARG098 on cells isolated from RA patients, on normal cells <it>in vitro</it>, and on RA synovial tissue and cartilage <it>in vivo </it>using implanted rheumatoid tissues in an SCID mouse model (SCID-HuRAg) were investigated to examine the potential of ARG098 as a therapy for RA.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>ARG098 binding to each cell was analyzed by cytometry. The effects of ARG098 on several cells were assessed by a cell viability assay <it>in vitro</it>. Effects on the RA synovium, lymphocytes, and cartilage were assessed <it>in vivo </it>using the SCID-HuRAg mouse model.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>ARG098 bound to cell surface Fas molecules, and induced apoptosis in Fas-expressing RA synoviocytes and infiltrating lymphocytes in the RA synovium in a dose-dependent manner. However, ARG098 did not affect the cell viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of RA patients or normal chondrocytes. ARG098 also induced apoptosis in RA synoviocytes and infiltrating lymphocytes in the RA synovium <it>in vivo</it>. The destruction of cartilage due to synovial invasion was inhibited by ARG098 injection in the modified SCID-HuRAg mouse model.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>ARG098 treatment suppressed RA synovial hyperplasia through the induction of apoptosis and prevented cartilage destruction <it>in vivo</it>. These results suggest that ARG098 might become a new therapy for RA.</p