The Roman military diploma from Podgrađe (Asseria)

59 Mato Ilkić HR, 23000 Zadar Sveučilište u Zadru Odjel za arheologiju Obala kralja Petra Krešimira IV, br. 2 [email protected] UDK: 930.271 (497.5 Benkovac) “01“ Izvorni znanstveni članak Primljeno: 9. 3. 2009. Prihvaćeno: 2. 4. 2009. U ovome radu autor donosi podatke o dosad nepoznatoj rimskoj vojnoj diplomi koja je nedavno slučajno nađena na području Asserije, bogatom arheološkom lokalitetu uz mjesto Podgrađe nedaleko od Benkovca. Riječ je o dosta rijetkom epigrafskom nalazu pravnoga karaktera, tj. tek četvrtom natpisu takve vrste s hrvatske obale Jadrana. Aserijatska vojna diploma, premda necjelovito sačuvana, donosi niz vrijednih podataka, osobito važnih za bolje poznavanje rimske vojne povijesti. Izdana je u vrijeme vladavine cara Hadrijana, i to kada je on deseti put obnašao tribunsku čast, što omogućuje datiranje aserijatske isprave u godinu 125./126. Nakon carevoga imena s titulaturom, u toj rimskoj vojnoj diplomi slijedi popis augzilijarnih postrojbi čiji su časno otpušteni vojnici dobili rimsko građansko pravo. Prvo su navedene dvije ale. Slijedi niz od pet kohorti. Potom je ponovno navedena jedna pomoćna konjanička formacija, i to vexillatio equitum Illyricorum/Illyricianis. Zatim slijede podatci o njihovu području službovanja. Riječ je o Donjoj Daciji, rimskoj provinciji čiji je upravitelj tada bio Cocceius Naso. O njemu se malo zna. Kao prokurator u toj rimskoj provinciji poznat je tek odnedavno, i to zahvaljujući diplomama koje su izdane nekoliko godina prije aserijatske. Nažalost, u njoj nisu sačuvani, među inim, i podatci o primatelju vojne diplome. No autor na kraju članka pretpostavlja da je njezin vlasnik možda bio upravo jedan od veterana iz veksilacije iliričkih konjanika. Naime, diploma potječe iz Asserije, liburnskoga grada koji je bio smješten na iliričkome području, prostoru odakle su i bili unovačeni konjanici za tu rimsku vojnu formaciju.This paper contains data on a heretofore unknown Roman military diploma which was recently discovered by chance in the area of Asseria, a rich archaeological site next to the village of Podgrađe near the town of Benkovac. This is a rather rare epigraphic find with a legal character, i.e. only the fourth inscription of this type from the Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea. The Asserian military diploma, although not preserved in its entirety, carries a wealth of valuable data, particularly important to a better understanding of Roman military history. It was issued during the reign of Emperor Hadrian, at the time he held the post of tribune for the tenth time, which makes it possible to date the Asserian document to 125/126. The emperor’s name with titular on this Roman military diploma is followed by a list of auxiliary units whose honourably discharged soldiers were granted Roman citizenship rights. First two alae are mentioned. This is followed by a series of five cohorts. Then an auxiliary cavalry formation is once more mentioned, the vexillatio equitum Illyricorum/Illyricianis. Data on their region of service follow. This is Dacia Inferior, a Roman province at the time administered by Cocceius Naso. Little is known of him. As a procurator in this Roman province, he became known only recently, thanks to diplomas issued several years prior to this example found in Asseria. Unfortunately, data on the person receiving the military diploma, among other things, have not been preserved. Even so, at the end of the article, the author posits that its owner may in fact have been a veteran of the Illyrian cavalry vexillation. The diploma is originally from Asseria, a Liburnian town which was situated in Illyrian territory, an area whence cavalry troops for this Roman military formation were recruited

Römisches Militärdiplom aus Sotin (Cornacum)

U članku autor donosi podatke o jednoj dosad neobjavljenoj rimskoj vojničkoj diplomi. Taj rijetki epigrafski spomenik pravnoga karaktera otkriven je slučajno, i to na “Popinome brdu“ u središtu Sotina, dominantnom položaju uz desnu obalu Dunava, gdje pretpostavlja da je bio smješten rimski kastrum pod imenom Cornacum. Iako je diploma necjelovito očuvana, autor je uspio gotovo u cijelosti restituirati njezin sadržaj. Izdana je 157., i to za bivšega pješaka Valerija Frontona, podrijetlom iz Anazarba u Kilikiji. Među inim, konstitucija spominje 5 ala i 13 kohorti, augzilijarne postrojbe koje su tada bile na službi u Donjoj Panoniji. Osim njezinoga namjesnika, u diplomi su navedena i dvojica dosad nepoznatih konzula.In seinem Aufsatz veröff entlicht der Autor die Angaben über ein bisher unpubliziertes römisches Militärdiplom. Dieses seltene epigraphische Zeugnis rechtlichen Charakters wurde zufällig auf “Popino brdo“ im Zentrum von Sotin, einer dominierenden Lage am rechten Donauufer, entdeckt, wo vermutlich das römische Castrum namens Cornacum lag. Obwohl das Diplom nicht vollständig erhalten ist, gelang es dem Autor, dessen Inhalt vollständig zu restituieren. Es wurde im Jahre 157 für den ehemaligen Infanteristen Valerius Fronton, aus Anazarb in Kilikien, ausgestellt. Unter anderem erwähnt die Constitutio 5 Alae und 13 Kohorten – die Auxiliartruppen, die damals in Unterpannonien dienten. Außer dem Statthalter werden im Diplom auch zwei bisher unbekannte Konsuln erwähnt

Finds of Hispanian coins on the eastern Adriatic coast and its hinterland

Rad tematizira nalaze hispanskoga novca iz predcarskog razdoblja s područja istočne jadranske obale i njezina dubljeg zaleđa. Ta numizmatička građa otkrivena je pojedinačno i u sklopu ostava tzv. mazinskoga tipa. Poznato je 28 komada, od kojih većina do sada nije bila publicirana. Najviše ih je kovano u Kastuloni. S tri primjerka zastupljen je novac Obulkone. Slijede još pojedinačni nalazi iz tri hispanska grada. To su: Emporiae, Kelse i Sekobirikes. Ta regionalna numizmatička građa podrijetlom iz zapadnoga Sredozemlja otkrivena je kao izolirana pojava na 15 lokaliteta, i to uglavnom u Japodiji i Liburniji. Iz srednje Dalmacije potječe samo jedan primjerak. Nađen je u arheološkim istraživanjima na području Resnika nedaleko od Splita.This paper deals with the finds of Hispanian coins of the pre-imperial period from the territory of the eastern Adriatic coast and its deeper hinterland. These numismatic materials were discovered individually and as parts of so-called Mazin-type hoards. A total of 28 specimens are known, of which most have thus far not been published. Most were minted in Castulo. Three are Obulco coins. They are followed by finds from three Hispanian cities. These are: Emporiae, Kelse and Sekobirikes. These regional numismatic materials originally from the western Mediterranean were found at 15 different sites as an isolated phenomenon, generally in Iapodia and Liburnia. Only a single example came from central Dalmatia. It was found during archaeological excavations in the territory of Resnik, near Split

Funde der Völkerwanderung und des Frühmittelalters aus Sotin

U članku je riječ o arheološkim nalazima koji su slučajno pronađeni na području Sotina, višeslojnom lokalitetu u Vukovarsko-srijemskoj županiji. Spone s tijelom u obliku slova S vremenski se izdvajaju iz razdoblja seobe naroda te se ta vrsta arheološke građe povezuje s rimskom provincijalnom baštinom. Nekoliko desetaka arheoloških nalaza, među kojima ima i takvih koji su veoma rijetki na području Hrvatske, omogućuju sagledavanje kontinuiteta života na istom prostoru na kojem je prethodno egzistirao rimski Kornakum (Cornacum) te se na kraju utvrđuje položaj do sad nepoznatog naselja iz razdoblja seobe naroda i ranog srednjega vijeka.Der Artikel behandelt archäologische Funde, die zufällig im Gebiet von Sotin, einem mehrschichtigen Standort in der Gespanschaft Vukovar-Sirmien, gefunden wurden. Die S-Haken werden in die Zeit der Völkerwanderung datiert, und diese Art von archäologischen Beständen wird mit dem Erbe der römischen Provinzen verbunden. Mehrere Dutzend archäologischer Funde, darunter auch einige auf dem Gebiet der Republik Kroatien äußerst seltene, ermöglichen einen Überblick über die Siedlungskontinuität in dem Gebiet, wo sich zuvor das römische Cornacum befand. Zum Abschluss wird die Lage einer bisher unbekannten Siedlung aus der Zeit der Völkerwanderung und des Frühmittelalters festgestellt

Archaeological Topography of the Prehistoric Settlements in Sotin

Tematizirajući arheološku topografiju prapovijesnih naselja na području Sotina, autor donosi osnovne podatke o njihovom smještaju, veličini i smjeru širenja, i to u razdoblju od eneolitika pa sve do kraja mlađem željeznog doba. Svoje spoznaje temelji na analizi površinski prikupljenih artefakata, respektirajući i komparativne prednosti Sotina. Zapravo, pokušava dati odgovore na pitanja kamo, kada i zašto su se ljudske skupine nastanjivale na tome bogatome, ali slabo istraženom prapovijesnom lokalitetu u hrvatskome Podunavlju.Sotin offers excellent possibilities for the archaeological research since one of the most important prehistoric sites in the Croatian Danubian region is located in this area (Map 1). Prehistoric settlement is poorly known. Unfortunately there was no systematic research. Most of the archaeological material important for understanding of its stratigraphy is still hidden in the thick cultural layers. In the upper segments of the layers archaeological finds were devastated due to various agricultural activities, particularly deep ploughing which is why some artifacts were found on the surface. Quite a few such finds were collected keeping record about the exact place and circumstances of the discovery which is important for understanding horizontal and vertical stratigraphy. Sotin is characterized by very favourable natural characteristics. They are concentrated next to the narrow and somewhat elevated position north-east of the present-day settlement where a loess plain steeply falls for some ten meters towards the flooded Danube bank. Six deep ditches were formed naturally in the belt which measures about a kilometer and half in length. They divided the peripheral segment of the plain into several separate wholes which were quite suitable for founding a settlement. Namely the ditches provide natural protection from the lateral sides, but they also enable contact with the Danube bank, with many sources of drinking water. People in the past were aware of these advantages. It is more than likely that the geomorphological characteristics significantly affected the selection of the position, size and direction of spatial growth of the prehistoric settlement. Topographical analysis of the archaeological finds supports this thesis and offers main information on the distribution of the most important layers. Largest portion of the prehistoric settlement lies at the peripheral part of a dominant plain, roughly north-east of present-day Sotin (Map 2). Its strata cover the length of 1500 m, from the position named Fancaga at the north-west, via Popino brdo («Pope’s hill») and Ilkićev vinograd («Ilkić’s vineyard») to Srednje polje and Plandište at the south-east. Actually they are located between six natural ditches, so that their width is up to 300 m. Judging from the surface finds, the earliest traces of the settling were mostly found in the south-eastern part of Sotin. Certain finds from this region are characteristic of Neolithic, such as a tool made of horn (cat. no. 1, Plate I, 1a-b) and polished tongue-shaped axes. Numerous artifacts which can definitely be attributed to the Baden culture were discovered on this position. Then there are the Kostolac culture finds. I would like to mention a fragment of acephalic female terra cotta belonging to the Baden culture (cat. no. 3, Plate I, 3a-b). Certain Eneolithic artifacts were sporadically found elsewhere in Sotin such as a stone axe from the Danube bank of Vrućak (cat. no. 2, Plate I, 2) and much rarer fan-shaped axe from the central part of Sotin (cat. no. 7, Plate II, 1). Positions of their discovery seem to belong to the uninhabited periphery which coexisted with the Eneolithic settlement. About a kilometer north-west of this oldest part of Sotin, on the position named Fancaga, and above the hydronym Stubljina are the remains of a Bronze Age settlement. Finds of the Pannonian incrustated pottery (cat. no. 4-6, Plate I, 4-6) testify to this fact. Certain Late Bronze Age artifacts were found out of Fancaga, mostly belonging the Late Bronze Age. Namely positions of some finds, such as a hollow axe (cat. no. 3, Plate II, 3) or sickle fragments (cat. no. 8, Plate II, 2) suggest a possibility of existence of dwelling objects from the Late Bronze Age south-east of Fancaga as well, all the way to Srednje polje. A huge stratum from the Early Iron Age is situated between the Eneolithic and Bronze Age settlement. Archaeological remains of this settlement which was about one kilometer long are located on a high plain over the banks of Vrućak and Kamenac. Judging from the abundant pottery (cat. no. 10, Plate II, 4; cat. no. 13, Plate II, 7) the settlement belonged to the Dalj cultural group. It complexity is reflected in the considerable number of pottery of the Bosut cultural group, particularly its Basarabi phase (cat. no. 17-22, Plate III, 3-8). In addition to common finds such as spindle whorls (cat. no. 12, 14, Plate Mato Ilkić, arheološka topografija... (223-234) 234 Histria Antiqua, 20/2011 III, 6, 8), there were numerous examples of mostly zoomorphic tera cottas in the settlement, which are rather rare elsewhere in the Croatian Danube region. Representations of bovines i.e. cows are dominant among the depictions of domestic animals (cat. no. 15, Plate III, 1). Terra cottas representing equines are also present. One of them represents a female i.e. a mare which bears an incised cross within a circle on her left thigh (cat. no. 16, Plate III, 2), indicating solar symbolics. Pin with a twisted neck and flat triangular head with a round hole (cat. no. 23, Plate III, 9) is a rare find in the Croatian Danube region. It probably reached Sotin via trade. Necropolis of the Dalj culture was located south west of the contemporary settlement. This is confirmed by a ceramic vessel (cat. no. 11, Plate II, 5) which belonged to one of the destroyed urn graves from the position named Šaragljice. Topographic analysis of various archaeological material from the last few centuries BC, such as abundant pottery (cat. no. 26-27, Plate IV, 1-2), frequent late La Tène fibulae (cat. no. 29, Plate IV, 4) or somewhat rarer sieve handles (cat. no. 28, Plate IV, 3) and fragments of glass bracelets (cat. no. 24-25, Plate III, 11-12), indicates that the Late Iron Age settlement developed from its immediate predecessor. Money was introduced under the domination of the Scordisci. In addition to Celtic coins (cat. no. 30, Plate IV, 5a-b), drachmas from Apollonia (cat. no. 32, Plate IV, 7a-b) and Dyrrachion (cat. no. 31, Plate IV, 6a-b) were also used. Finds of Roman Republican denarii (cat. no. 33, Plate IV, 8a-b) herald the final ending of prehistory which was directly related to the conquest of the Pannonian region under the Emperor Augustus. However life did not end. On the bases of the settlement from the end of the Late Iron Age early Roman Cornacum was formed, which is attested by various finds