The effect of replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand on the properties of the concrete

The natural sand which excavated from river bed is used to produced conventional concrete. Depletion of natural sand cause the environmental problem and hence sand excavating is restricted by the government which resulted in shortage and drastically increase in its cost. In order to fulfill the necessity of fine aggregates, an alternative material like M sand can be used in concrete. M sand is obtained by crushing the rocks. In this paper, conventional mix 1:2.32:2.82 (M20) with water to binder ratio is maintained as 0.55 was used in this present study. Here the River Sand is partially and fully replaced with M Sand with different percentages like 0%, 45%, 50%, 55% and 100%. Fresh and hard concrete properties were studied with natural sand substitute by M-Sand. Properties of concrete in fresh state such as workability and in hardened state such as compression test, split tensile test and flexural test were considered in this study

The impact of manufactured sand (M-Sand) as partially and fully replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

This, research work was to study the potential of M-sand as compared to river sand in concrete, here M-sand is replaced by river sand 0%,45%,50%,55% and 100% in the concrete mix, Mix design is designed as per IS Standards. In this research a mix 1:2.32:2.82 (M20) was considered. The test specimen was casted for 7days, 28 days and 90days. The performance of M-sand was determined by several experiments such as slump test, impact strength test, flexural Strength, and compressive strength test. The results attained from each test states that as M-sand increases the slump value decreases. flexural strength, compressive strength and impact test of concrete at 7 days, 28 days and 90 days is greater at 100% and 50% replacement of M sand by river sand

Compressive strength and microstructure analysis of treated rice husk ash (TRHA) incorporated mortar

High amount of reactive silica is ubiquitous in pozzolanic reaction for concrete strength increment. Rice husk ash (RHA) is proven contains high content of amorphous silica that is essential in the pozzolanic reaction of effective additive in concrete. Nevertheless, incorporation of RHA as cement replacement material (CRM) or additive is very minimal in current concrete industry. Therefore, improvement on the RHA properties by introduction of thermal and chemical pretreatment prior to incineration process is considered as a promising way in order to achieve the goal. This treatment process has been reported widely in literature. In this paper, the effect of treated rice husk ash (TRHA) and non-treated rice husk ash (NTRHA) incorporated mortar in terms of its compressive strength and microstructure properties are examine subsequently. The strength activity of TRHA from the optimum treatment process was measured by testing the compressive strength of mortars. The highest compression value obtained was 50.73MPa with 3% UFTRHA replacement at 28 days. At a longer curing period i.e. 90 days, it was recorded that 3% of UFTRHA mortar had the highest compression value at 53.87MPa. As for microstructure properties, a denser microstructure with excellent aggregate bonding and cement matrix in the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) was observed

The relation of compression strength with modulus of rupture and UPV of concrete containing M sand as fine aggregate

The impact of manufacture sand on UPV, compression strength and modulus of rupture has been experimentally investigated and discussed in this paper. Concrete grade 30 (30Mpa) were produced with different percentage of M sand substitution ranging from 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% by volume were selected as concrete mix design in this project. The strength for different percentage of M-sand incorporation was measured by the destructive test which are compression strength test and modulus of rupture test and non�destructive test which is UPV test for curing ages of 90, 28 and 7 days. Furthermore, the highest compression strength of concrete and modulus of rupture was found on the 90th day containing a proportion of 75% of M-sand as a substitution for natural fine aggregate. A novel empirical equations 1 & 4 are proposed for the relation of compression strength with the modulus of rupture and UPV

Statistical overview on quality bus services in Klang Valley

Malaysia is one of the fastest grown country in Southeast Asia. Urban development in this country has a same issues should be address as developed countries around the world such as traffic congestion and increasing development area as well as population. Urban area in these countries is facing tremendous traffic congestion problem due to increasing of car ownership day by day. Therefore, there is an urge to study the current state of West Klang public buses in order to provide a thorough picture of its service ratings and performances this paper presents the statistical analysis of the stakeholder perception on the bus service for urban transportation in West Kuala Lumpur. The scope of work for this study is to investigate stakeholders’ views on bus service performance by did a survey in the west side of Klang Valley area only, which are and Puchong, Subang Jaya, Klang, Shah Alam, and Petaling Jaya. Several analyses have been conducted to identify the statistical analysis based on the data given by stakeholder.The result showed that, there are significant positive relationship between all attributes and bus performance. Result summary of hypotheses testing showed the positive relationship between variable. There are several issues should be improved to increase the quality of service for bus performance such as the on time performance buses, route service provided by operator and service coverage of bus. These are several issued have addressed by corresponding and users. Bus operator and government plays their roles tried to rectified all necessary issued and ensured that public opinion and user feedback would be heard.Feedback regarding level of service quality for bus performance should be conducted frequentl

Correlation between slump, VeBe and compaction factor of concrete containing shredded PET bottles, manufactured sand (M-sand) and river sand as fine aggregate

This paper investigates the effects of the properties of fresh concrete incorporating shredded Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles and Manufactured Sand (M-sand) together as fine aggregates replacement in concrete mixtures. The investigation to determine the correlation of the fresh properties of concrete were mainly experimental based and the experiments involved were Slump Test, VeBe Test and Compaction Factor Test. There were two different concrete batches were prepared, in which the first batch was partially replaced by Msand and the second batch was partially replaced by M-sand and shredded PET bottles as fine aggregate replacements. The proportion of M-sand content and M-sand with shredded PET bottles were 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (for M-sand) and 1.5% proportion of shredded PET bottles respectively. The mix design was prepared in accordance to the Department of Environment (DOE) method and utilizes M30 as the Class of Concrete. A novel empirical relationship between slump, VeBe, and compaction factor for the shredded PET bottles and MSand based M30 concrete was proposed. The outcomes of this research has proven beneficial to the construction industries as the utilisation of waste and recycled materials has the potential for sustainable construction

Assessment and retrofitting of reinforced concrete buildings with shear walls subject to earthquake loading

A large number of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings not designed to resist seismic loading are located in earthquake prone regions. If these structures are not assessed and eventually strengthened, in the near future they will potentially suffer significant damage due to the effects of earthquakes causing casualties and economic disruption. Thus at present, seismic assessment and retrofitting of existing RC buildings is a major challenge which requires the use of realistic structural analysis techniques and practical and effective strengthening solutions. In this research, the use of RC walls as a global strengthening measure to enhance to seismic performance of existing framed buildings is considered. The study commences with a critical appraisal of existing modelling strategies for RC walls subjected to in-plane loading. The wide-column approach, the use of 2D detailed FE descriptions and macro-elements with nonlinear springs and rigid links are considered, and models based upon these alternative strategies are implemented in ADAPTIC, an advanced finite element code for nonlinear analysis of structures under extreme loading. A parametric study allowed identifying the most effective modelling strategy to be used within detailed nonlinear representations for RC buildings subjected to earthquake loading, and potential enhancements for existing models to be implemented to achieve a better representation of the response of RC walls subjected to in-plane loading. In the second part of the research an enhanced description using macro-elements to describe RC wall units is developed. It employs novel coupled nonlinear springs to describe wall portions modelled as RC panels subjected to biaxial stress/strain states. Model accuracy and efficiency is shown in numerical examples on slender and short walls. In the final part of the research, an advanced 3D modelling strategy for representing the nonlinear dynamic response of RC buildings with shear walls is presented and used in accurate simulations. The seismic assessment of a realistic RC building is carried out and the effectiveness of using RC walls as global strengthening measure is shown comparing the seismic performance of the original structure against that of the retrofitted building.Open Acces

Compressive strength and microstructure analysis of treated rice husk ash (TRHA) incorporated mortar

High amount of reactive silica is ubiquitous in pozzolanic reaction for concrete strength increment. Rice husk ash (RHA) is proven contains high content of amorphous silica that is essential in the pozzolanic reaction of effective additive in concrete. Nevertheless, incorporation of RHA as cement replacement material (CRM) or additive is very minimal in current concrete industry. Therefore, improvement on the RHA properties by introduction of thermal and chemical pretreatment prior to incineration process is considered as a promising way in order to achieve the goal. This treatment process has been reported widely in literature. In this paper, the effect of treated rice husk ash (TRHA) and non-treated rice husk ash (NTRHA) incorporated mortar in terms of its compressive strength and microstructure properties are examine subsequently. The strength activity of TRHA from the optimum treatment process was measured by testing the compressive strength of mortars. The highest compression value obtained was 50.73MPa with 3% UFTRHA replacement at 28 days. At a longer curing period i.e. 90 days, it was recorded that 3% of UFTRHA mortar had the highest compression value at 53.87MPa. As for microstructure properties, a denser microstructure with excellent aggregate bonding and cement matrix in the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) was observed

Polyethylene Terehthalate (PET) bottles waste as fine aggregate in concrete

Concrete construction industry is one of the major sector utilizing natural resources to produce concrete for building constructions. The rapid increase in building constructions and the demand for natural aggregates has resulted in depletion natural resources at an alarming rate. Uncontrolled mining activity worsens the situation. Thus serious awareness has been taken into consideration, has to be identified as a potential river sand substitution for fine aggregates replacement in concrete. For this review, utilizing recycled material are described as a fine aggregate replacement to river sand, particularly recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles. Recycled PET Bottles are categorized as nonbiodegradable waste materials which are injurious to health. Recycled PET bottles in concrete are economical and help in reducing disposal problems. Recycled PET bottles are pondered as the best eco-friendly alternative not only for resolving the problem of disposal but as a new construction material for concrete

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles waste as fine aggregate in concrete - a review

Concrete construction industry is one of the major sector utilizing natural resources to produce concrete for building constructions. The rapid increase in building constructions and the demand for natural aggregates has resulted in depletion natural resources at an alarming rate. Uncontrolled mining activity worsens the situation. Thus serious awareness has been taken into consideration, has to be identified as a potential river sand substitution for fine aggregates replacement in concrete. For this review, utilizing recycled material are described as a fine aggregate replacement to river sand, particularly recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles. Recycled PET Bottles are categorized as non- biodegradable waste materials which are injurious to health. Recycled PET bottles in concrete are economical and help in reducing disposal problems. Recycled PET bottles are pondered as the best eco-friendly alternative not only for resolving the problem of disposal but as a new construction material for concrete