VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS IN BRAZIL: SCENARIOS AND CHALLENGES FOR THE SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL

Adaptation of the vector and displacement of infected dogs to previously disease-free areas challenges visceral leishmaniasis (VL) control, and leads to geographic dispersion and occurrence in urban and peri-urban areas. Continuous VL control measures over time must be applied with a wide geographic reach, along with better diagnosis practices and timely treatment. The high case-fatality of human VL in areas of recent introduction and its growing association with HIV impose the need for an early diagnosis, treatment and the adoption of active search for human and canine cases incorporated into the routine of periodic home visits by health professionals. The increasing on public rejection of canine euthanasia as a control measure, the limitations of canine therapy with the current available drugs, and the controversies regarding available vaccines for canine protection are discussed. Good prospects on the insecticide-impregnated collars as an effective control measure are emphasized

Dengue endêmico: o desafio das estratégias de vigilância Endemic dengue: surveillance strategy challenges

A interação entre infecção clínica, vetor e imunidade sorotípica da população define o risco de epidemia por dengue. A situação epidemiológica endêmico-esporádica seria meta aceitável de controle em regiões metropolitanas ante deficiências de urbanização, saneamento, acesso às residências por agentes sanitários, baixo poder residual de inseticidas biológicos e mobilização social. A Vigilância, então, requererá continuidade das ações públicas e da sociedade em geral, estimuladas na medida inversa da redução de casos, e propostas adequadas. Visando constituir sistema de Vigilância sensível e específico, sobretudo em períodos endêmicos, propõe-se que o componente clínico sentinela deve integrar tanto a assistência emergencial aberta preconizada, detectando casos graves - ponta do iceberg, como serviços de referência para doenças febris agudas, definindo diferentes formas clínicas e propiciando confirmação diagnóstica. Em regiões estratégicas, paralelamente, inquéritos sorotipicos amostrais, embora complexos, devem ser buscados, avaliando imunidade e suscetibilidade de grupos etários aos sorotipos circulantes, estimativa de casos subclínicos e alcance do Sistema de Vigilância e Controle.<br>Interaction between clinical infection, vector, and population serotype immunity defines dengue epidemic risk. An endemic-sporadic epidemiological situation is an acceptable control target in metropolitan regions deficient in urban upgrading, sanitation, and health agents' access to residences, besides low residual power of biological insecticides and social mobilization problems. Surveillance requires continued action by government and society (particularly when incidence decreases) and adequate proposals. To establish a sensitive and specific surveillance system for endemic periods, the authors propose the sentinel clinical component as part of emergency care (detecting serious tip-of-the-iceberg cases) and reference services for acute febrile diseases, defining clinical forms and providing diagnostic confirmation. Although complex, sample serotype surveys should be conducted in strategic areas, evaluating: immunity and susceptibility of age groups to circulating serotypes; estimation of sub-clinical cases; and Surveillance and Control System reach