Total hours of sunshine and tuberculosis notifications.

<p>Note.– The thin black line above is the tuberculosis incidence per season. The tuberculosis incidence has been decomposed into a trend component (the thick blue line above) and a stochastic seasonal component (the thick red line across the middle of the graph). The thick black line below is the total hours of sunshine per season shifted two seasons (six months) to the right. Thin vertical interrupted lines mark the winter troughs in hours of sunlight. The graph shows that troughs in the total hours of sunshine per season correlate with peaks in the number of tuberculosis notifications two seasons later.</p

Summary of patient characteristics.

*<p>Gender was missing in 19 cases.</p>**<p>Last five years of study only.</p>†<p>In those for whom country of birth is recorded, the five largest non-UK countries were Pakistan (35.8%), India (20.1%), Somalia (13.9%), Bangladesh (4.9%) and Zimbabwe (3.0%).</p>‡<p>18 cases did not have site of infection notified.</p

Seasonal difference in tuberculosis notifications.

<p>Note.– The solid lines show the percentage of excess notifications compared to winter, the interrupted lines are the 95% confidence intervals. <b>A.</b> all notifications; <b>B.</b> pulmonary tuberculosis only; <b>C.</b> extra-pulmonary tuberculosis only; <b>D.</b> Non-UK-born cases only; <b>E.</b> UK-born cases only.</p

Risk factors for in-hospital mortality within 14 days and 28 days in patients diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis.

<p>Risk factors for in-hospital mortality within 14 days and 28 days in patients diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis.</p

Description of 186 patients diagnosed with Cryptococcal meningitis, presenting at Ngwelezana hospital.

*<p>P for differences in median age by sex = 0.019.</p

Kaplan-Meier time to death following diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis and subsequent admission into hospital.

<p>Kaplan-Meier time to death following diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis and subsequent admission into hospital.</p

Frequency of IGRA conversions and reversions following TST administration and stratified by baseline QFT-GIT and T-SPOT.TB responses.

<p>IGRA =  interferon-gamma release assay; TST =  tuberculin skin test; QFT-GIT =  QuantiFERON Gold in-Tube; IFN-γ =  interferon-gamma; ESAT-6 =  early secretory antigenic target-6; CFP-10 =  culture filtrate protein-10; IU =  international units; SFC =  spot forming cells; na =  not applicable. Note: n = 163 for T-SPOT.TB tests due to the exclusion of three indeterminate results.</p

Concordance between TST, T-SPOT.TB and QFT-GIT results stratified by study visit and BCG vaccination status.

<p>TST  =  tuberculin skin test; QFT-GIT  =  QuantiFERON Gold in-Tube; BCG  =  Bacillus Calmette-Guérin.</p

Proposed groups classified by IGRA response following TST administration, with suggested possible immune mechanisms.

<p>IGRA  =  interferon-gamma release assay; TST  =  tuberculin skin test; QFT-GIT  =  QuantiFERON Gold in-Tube; PPD  =  purified protein derivative; +  =  positive response; −  =  negative response.</p

IGRA responses before and after TST administration.

<p>(A) IFN-γ responses detected by QFT-GIT in individuals who became positive following TST; (B) SFC numbers in response to ESAT-6 and CFP-10 in individuals who became positive by T-SPOT.TB following TST; (C) SFC numbers in response to ESAT-6 and CFP-10 in individuals who became negative by T-SPOT.TB following TST. Uncertainty zone (grey shaded area); threshold for QFT-GIT positivity (dashed line); upper and lower thresholds for T-SPOT.TB conversion (solid lines). TST =  tuberculin skin test; QFT-GIT =  QuantiFERON Gold in-Tube; IFN-γ =  interferon-gamma; ESAT-6 =  early secretory antigenic target-6; CFP-10 =  culture filtrate protein-10; IU =  international units; SFC =  spot forming cells.</p