Overlapping distributions of three estimates of pronotal shape in red palm weevils from lineages L1 and L3.

<p>Overlapping distributions of three estimates of pronotal shape in red palm weevils from lineages L1 and L3.</p

Strong phylogenetic and phylogeographic signal revealed by the genealogical relationships of COI haplotypes inferred using neighbour-joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods.

<p>Haplotypes fell into three lineages (L1-L3) and are numbered according to their position (top to bottom) within each lineage in the NJ tree (those in L1 follow on from the eight haplotypes of El-Mergawy et al. [2011c]). Bootstrap consensus NJ tree was computed using Kimura 2-parameter distances and 1000 replicates in MEGA 5.05. Branches with <50% support have been collapsed and in all other cases, bootstrap support is shown next to the branch. ML tree constructed in PhyML. Branch support was assessed using the approximate likelihood-ratio test (SH-Like) and branches with a probability below 0.5 have been collapsed. Support for major branches is shown next to the branch. Abbreviations (where used): TH=Thailand, MY=Malaysia, UAE=United Arab Emirates, KSA=Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Medit.=Countries of the Mediterranean basin (including Egypt, but excluding Syria).</p

Global distribution of <i>R. ferrugineus</i> and <i>R. vulneratus.</i>

<p>Global distribution of <i>R. ferrugineus</i> and <i>R. vulneratus.</i></p

The extremes of color polymorphism in adult specimens currently classified as red palm weevil, <i>Rhynchophorus</i><i>ferrugineus</i>.

<p>Molecular genetic data presented herein confirms that these specimens in fact represent at least two species, <i>R. ferrugineus</i> and <i>R. vulneratus</i>.</p

Effect of Australian native plant species on feeding rate (excreta volume) and predicted survival proportion for 2010 and 2011 for <i>Homalodisca vitripennis</i> in a no choice feeding experiment over 72 hours.

<p>Species back transformed means in each column assigned the same letter are not significantly different.</p>#<p><i>Banksia ericifolia×B. spinulosa</i>.</p

Weekly <i>Homalodisca vitripennis</i> adult counts in 2010 and 2011.

<p>The raw data is shown as open circles, the means as solid circles. Species with counts of zero are not shown.</p

Life history responses of <i>H. vitripennis</i> to Australian native plants (combined 2010 and 2011 data).

<p>The instar figures are the proportion of nymphs that died at each instar stage out of 36; the remainder either survived or were eaten by ants. n is the total number of nymphs for which there was a record of date of death or total number of adults.</p>#<p><i>Banksia ericifolia×B. spinulosa</i>.</p

<i>Homalodisca vitripennis</i> incidence on Australian native plants in a field survey in California, USA from June–November (n = 9).

<p>Species back transformed means in each column assigned the same letter are not significantly different; citrus control with mean and standard error (n = 10) also provided.</p>∧<p>Citrus plants were not part of the randomised design and data not included in the ANOVA and not transformed.</p>†<p>Species effect not detected at p = 0.05.</p>#<p><i>Banksia ericifolia×B. spinulosa</i>.</p

<i>Homalodisca vitripennis</i> host status of Australian native plants in the field.

#<p><i>Banksia ericifolia×B. spinulosa</i>.</p

Percentage of egg masses parasitised and proportional parasitism for each species with s.e., lower and upper 95% confidence intervals (C.I) for 2010 and 2011 showing the total number of leaves with egg masses present (n).

<p>Proportion = number of parasitoids to number of H. vitripennis nymphs.</p>#<p><i>Banksia ericifolia×B. spinulosa</i>.</p