Annual average weight change according to body mass index transition groups among the 1973–1978 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health from 1996 to 2012.

<p>^a mean±SD</p><p>Annual average weight change according to body mass index transition groups among the 1973–1978 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health from 1996 to 2012.</p

Change of body mass index categories among women from the 1973–78 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health from year 2000 (Survey 2) to 2012 (Survey 6).

<p>Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding.</p

Prevalence of dysmenorrhea among women from the 1973–78 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health from year 2000 (Survey 2) to 2012 (Survey 6).

<p>Prevalence of dysmenorrhea among women from the 1973–78 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health from year 2000 (Survey 2) to 2012 (Survey 6).</p

Univariate and multivariable-adjusted association from GEE analysis between BMI and dysmenorrhea among the 1973–1978 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health from 2000 to 2012.

<p>BMI, body mass index, GEE, generalised estimating equations.</p><p>Multivariable-adjusted analysis estimates the effect of the exposure of interest (body mass index) after controlling for sociodemographics (age, education, employment, marital status, language spoken at home, managing income, and history of abuse), lifestyle factors (smoking, illicit drug use and alcohol consumption), reproductive factors (use of oral contraception, parity, age at menarche, and endometriosis).</p><p>Univariate and multivariable-adjusted association from GEE analysis between BMI and dysmenorrhea among the 1973–1978 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health from 2000 to 2012.</p

Baseline body mass index, other characteristics, and the prevalence of dysmenorrhea among women from the 1973–78 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, aged 22–27 years in 2000.

<p>^a percent may not add up to 100% due to rounding.</p><p>Baseline body mass index, other characteristics, and the prevalence of dysmenorrhea among women from the 1973–78 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, aged 22–27 years in 2000.</p

Odds ratio of reporting dysmenorrhea at a survey by BMI transition groups between index surveys and the immediately preceding survey.

<p>Reference group = BMI remained as normal or overweight; BMI, body mass index.</p

Associations of house characteristics with indoor dampness and measured moisture: Results from three New Zealand House Condition Surveys in 2005, 2010 and 2015

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Progression of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke multimorbidity in middle-aged women: A 20-year cohort study

<div><p>Background</p><p>The prevalence of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke multimorbidity (co-occurrence of two or three of these conditions) has increased rapidly. Little is known about how the three conditions progress from one to another sequentially through the life course. We aimed to delineate this progression in middle-aged women and to determine the roles of common risk factors in the accumulation of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke multimorbidity.</p><p>Methods and findings</p><p>We used data from 13,714 women aged 45–50 years without a history of any of the three conditions. They were participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH), enrolled in 1996, and surveyed approximately every 3 years to 2016. We characterized the longitudinal progression of the three conditions and multimorbidity. We estimated the accumulation of multimorbidity over 20 years of follow-up and investigated their association with both baseline and time-varying predictors (sociodemographic factors, lifestyle factors, and other chronic conditions).</p><p>Over 20 years, 2,511 (18.3%) of the women progressed to at least one condition, of whom 1,420 (56.6%) had diabetes, 1,277 (50.9%) had heart disease, and 308 (12.3%) had stroke; 423 (16.8%) had two or three of these conditions. Over a 3-year period, the age-adjusted odds of two or more conditions was approximately twice that of developing one new condition compared to women who did not develop any new conditions. For example, the odds for developing one new condition between Surveys 7 and 8 were 2.29 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.93–2.72), whereas the odds for developing two or more conditions was 6.51 (95% CI, 3.95–10.75). The onset of stroke was more strongly associated with the progression to the other conditions (i.e., 23.4% [95% CI, 16.3%–32.2%] of women after first onset of stroke progressed to other conditions, whereas the percentages for diabetes and heart disease were 9.9% [95% CI, 7.9%–12.4%] and 11.4% [95% CI, 9.1%–14.4%], respectively). Being separated, divorced, or widowed; being born outside Australia; having difficulty managing on their available income; being overweight or obese; having hypertension; being physically inactive; being a current smoker; and having prior chronic conditions (i.e., mental disorders, asthma, cancer, osteoporosis, and arthritis) were significantly associated with increased odds of accumulation of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke multimorbidity. The main limitations of this study were the use of self-reported data and the low number of events.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Stroke was associated with increased risk of progression to diabetes or heart disease. Social inequality, obesity, hypertension, physical inactivity, smoking, or having other chronic conditions were also significantly associated with increased odds of accumulating multimorbidity. Our findings highlight the importance of awareness of the role of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke multimorbidity among middle-aged women for clinicians and health-promotion agencies.</p></div

Associations of time-varying sociodemographic and lifestyle factors with 3-year incidence of one condition and accumulation of multimorbidity (<i>N</i> = 11,941).

<p>Associations of time-varying sociodemographic and lifestyle factors with 3-year incidence of one condition and accumulation of multimorbidity (<i>N</i> = 11,941).</p

Baseline characteristics of women by number of conditions from diabetes, heart disease, and stroke developed during follow-up (<i>N</i> = 11,914).

<p>Baseline characteristics of women by number of conditions from diabetes, heart disease, and stroke developed during follow-up (<i>N</i> = 11,914).</p