Agrotechnical measures as plant protection measures

Agrotehničke mjere kojima čovjek stvara povoljne uvjete za rast i razvoj poljoprivredne kulture mogu imati veliki utjecaj na razvoj štetnih organizama. Pravilna primjena agrotehničkih mjera može znatno smanjiti potrebu za primjenom kemijskih mjera zaštite bilja, a u pojedinim slučajevima i potpuno isključiti potrebu za njima. U radu je dat pregled osnovnih agrotehničkih mjera kao što su: izbor površine, prostorna izolacija, plodored, obrada tla, sjetva i sadnja, gnojidba, biofumigacija, uzgoj kultivara otpornih ili tolerantnih na štetne organizme te su opisani primjeri njihovog utjecaja na pojedine štetne organizme.Agrotechnical measures by which man creates favorable conditions for the growth and development of agricultural crops can have a great impact on the development of harmful organisms. The appropriate application of agrotechnical measures can significantly reduce the need for the application of chemical plant protection measures, and in some cases even completely eliminate the need for them. The paper provides an overview of basic agrotechnical measures such as: surface selection, spatial isolation, crop rotation, tillage, sowing and planting, fertilization, biofumigation, cultivation of cultivars resistant or tolerant to harmful organisms, and examples of their impact on certain harmful organisms are described

VISOKO GOSPODARSKO UČILIŠTE U KRIŽEVCIMA PRILOG OBRAZOVANJU ZA ODRŽIVU I EKOLOŠKU POLJOPRIVREDU

The paper presents an overview of the role of the Križevci College of Agriculture within the professionally-oriented higher education and its contribution to sustainable and organic agriculture education. It gives a brief description of the past and present-day College focusing on its current agriculture study courses, i.e. the three-year professional courses (bachelor level), two-year specialist graduate professional course titled Sustainable and Organic Agriculture (master level) and specialist seminars as part of lifelong learning.Rad daje pregled uloge koju ima Visoko gospodarsko učilište u Križevcima u području stručnih studija za poljoprivredu u Hrvatskoj i doprinos visokoškolskom obrazovanju za održivu i ekološku poljoprivredu. U radu se također donosi kratki opis povijesnoga razvoja križevačkoga Učilišta i opis suvremenih studijskih programa na razini stručnog i specijalističkog diplomskog studija te specijalističkih seminara u sklopu cjeloživotnoga učenja

Breeding wheat on high bread making quality

Nakon nekoliko programa oplemenjivanja usmjerenih na visoku rodnost (rezultat cv. Pitoma) i visoku pekarsku kakvoću (cv. Divana), posljednji program usmjeren je prema oplemenjivanju pšenice za održivo ratarenje. Time su određeni i novi ciljevi oplemenjivanja: - fenotip prikladan za manja ulaganja (mineralna gnojiva i za-štitnih sredstava), - povećane otpornosti ili tolerantnost prema prevalentnim bole-stima pšenice, - isti ili veći urod uz zadržavanje visokih kvalitetnih karakteristika. U prvom ciklusu ovog programa testiran je svjetski sortiment pšenica (Argentina, Njemačka, Novi Zeland, Rumunjska, USA) na potencijalne davaoce traženih svojstava, prvenstveno otpornosti prema bolestima. Zatim je u direktnom i recipročnom križanju dva odabrana izvora s Divanom proizvedena velika cijepajuća F2 generacija, a u narednim generacijama vršen je izbor po fenotipu. U F6 generaciji na oko pet tisuća potomstava provedena je rigorozna selekcija na temelju fenotipa, otpornost prema pepelnici te udjela bjelančevina zrna. Konačni rezultat te selekcije bilo je 46 odabranih F10 linija gotovo potpuno otpornih prema pepelnici i udjela bjelančevina približno sličnog, pa i višeg od onog u boljeg roditelja – sorte Divana. Zbog ekstremne suše (odsustvo bolesti i visoka kakvoća) mikropokusi tijekom dvije posljednje godine nisu dali dobru mogućnost daljnjeg izbora, pa se pokus za konačni izbor najboljih genotipova nastavlja još jednu (2005.) godinu, no temeljem već postignutih rezultata mogu se očekivati pšenice slične ili više rodnosti od standarda Žitarke, otporne prema pepelnici, a kakvoće približne onoj u sorte Divana.After several past wheat breeding programms on yield (result cv. Pitoma) and high bread making quality (cv. Divana), the curent programme is redirected towards sustainable agriculture, with special emphasis on: - increase of wheat resistance or tolerance to prevalent diseases, - lower input in agricultural practice (mineral fertilizers and pesticides), - increased yield with the quality similar to that of cv. Divana In the first cycle of the current programme, donors of desirable characters were searched in the world collection of wheat (Argentina, Germany, New Zealand, Romania, and USA). The two selected donors were crossed with cv. Divana and big segregating F2 generation were produced and exposed to selection on phenotype. F6 generation consists of about five thousand genotypes. Strong selection on desired characters (disease resistance and protein content) were continued, and as a result, in F10 generation only 46 healthy lines with protein level similar to the better parent Divana were selected and put in yield trials. Due to extreme drought in 2003, absence of diseases and a common high quality did not provide good chances for efficient selection, and yield test in microtrials should be continued next year. On the basis of the results we could expect new wheat lines with grain yield equal or higher than standard cv. Žitarka, and bread making quality characteristics nearly as good as that of cv. Divana

IMPORTANCE OF WEED AND CRITICAL PERIOD OF WEED CONTROL IN OIL PUMPKIN

Uljna buča (Cucurbita pepo L.) ima dugu tradiciju uzgoja u Hrvatskoj, a zbog isplativosti proizvodnje povedava se interes za njezinim uzgojem. Prinosi sjemenaka uljne buče variraju u velikom rasponu od 500 do 1200 kg suhog sjemena po hektaru, u čemu veliku ulogu ima i uspješnost suzbijanja korova. U radu je opisana botanička pripadnost, morfologija i biologija te tehnologija uzgoja uljne buče. Prikazani su najčešdi korovi i njihov utjecaj na prinos i komponente prinosa u usjevu uljne buče, kritično razdoblje zakorovljenosti te čimbenici koji na njega utječu.Oil pumpkin Cucurbita pepo L. has a long production tradition in Croatia, and because of the profitability there is a growing trend in production. Oil pumpkin seed yields vary in the range of 500 to 1200 kg of dry seed per ha, and the effectiveness of weed control has an important role. The paper describes botanical affiliation, morphology and biology, and oil pumpkin production technology. The most common weeds and their impact on oil pumpkin yield and yield components, the critical period of weed competition and the factors affecting it are shown

IMPORTANCE OF CRITICAL PERIOD OF WEED COMPETITION FOR CROP GROWING

Prošlo je više od 40 godina od kada je u strategiju suzbijanja korova uveden koncept pretpostavke da korov nije jednako štetan tijekom cijeloga razdoblja razvoja kulture, odnosno da u razvoju poljoprivredne kulture postoji razdoblje u kojem se prisutnost korova najviše odražava na prinos. To se razdoblje naziva kritično razdoblje zakorovljenosti (KRZ) ili kritično razdoblje suzbijanja korova. Među poljoprivrednim kulturama postoje razlike u KRZ-u, ali i variranja KRZ-a za pojedinu poljoprivrednu kulturu jer KRZ ovisi o nizu čimbenika koji mogu utjecati na kompetitivnu sposobnost kulturne biljke ili korova. Poznavanje kritičnoga razdoblja zakorovljenosti ključna je pretpostavka integriranoga suzbijanja korova te preciznoga planiranja strategije suzbijanja korova, kao i racionalne uporabe herbicida ili drugih mjera suzbijanja korova.A concept of critical period of weed competition has been introduced for more than 40 years ago. The concept is based on the assumption that weeds are not equally harmful to a crop during the whole season and that there is a period in crop development in which weeds impact on the yield is the biggest. This period is called critical period of weed competition (CPWC), critical period of weed interference, or critical period of weed control. There is a difference in CPWC between crops, but CPWC for a certain crop can vary a lot because it depends on many factors which can affect the crop or weeds competition ability. The critical period of weed competition identification is essential for integrated weed control and precise planning of a weed control strategy as well as for rationale use of herbicides and other weed control measures

IMPORTANCE OF WEED AND CRITICAL PERIOD OF WEED CONTROL IN OIL PUMPKIN

Uljna buča (Cucurbita pepo L.) ima dugu tradiciju uzgoja u Hrvatskoj, a zbog isplativosti proizvodnje povedava se interes za njezinim uzgojem. Prinosi sjemenaka uljne buče variraju u velikom rasponu od 500 do 1200 kg suhog sjemena po hektaru, u čemu veliku ulogu ima i uspješnost suzbijanja korova. U radu je opisana botanička pripadnost, morfologija i biologija te tehnologija uzgoja uljne buče. Prikazani su najčešdi korovi i njihov utjecaj na prinos i komponente prinosa u usjevu uljne buče, kritično razdoblje zakorovljenosti te čimbenici koji na njega utječu.Oil pumpkin Cucurbita pepo L. has a long production tradition in Croatia, and because of the profitability there is a growing trend in production. Oil pumpkin seed yields vary in the range of 500 to 1200 kg of dry seed per ha, and the effectiveness of weed control has an important role. The paper describes botanical affiliation, morphology and biology, and oil pumpkin production technology. The most common weeds and their impact on oil pumpkin yield and yield components, the critical period of weed competition and the factors affecting it are shown

Importance of knowledge of language for special purposes regarding mobility and employability of Križevci college of agriculture graduates

U ovom se radu sustavno istražuju stavovi studenata Visokoga gospodarskog učilišta u Križevcima vezani uz važnost stranog jezika struke za mobilnost i zapošljivost. Prvi dio rada daje teoretsku podlogu istraživanju i definira strani jezik struke u kontekstu mobilnosti i zapošljivosti. U središnjem dijelu rada opisuje se istraživanje i analiza rezultata istraživanja provedenog metodom upitnika na populaciji ispitanika od 132 redovita studenta prve i druge godine Stručnog studija poljoprivrede. Većina studenata smatra kako je strani jezik kao kolegij potreban na Učilištu, te da će moduli iz stranog jezika koji su ponuđeni biti korisni u njihovom budućem zanimanju. Isto tako, većina njih smatra kako je znanje stranog jezika uvelike dobilo na značenju ulaskom Hrvatske u Europsku uniju, te da će njihovim budućim poslodavcima znanje stranog jezika biti važno prilikom njihovog zapošljavanja. Učenje stranih jezika trebalo bi biti sastavni dio obrazovanja na svim njegovim razinama, uključujući i visoko obrazovanje. Ulaskom u Europsku uniju ulazimo u krug jezične i kulturne raznolikosti, te će znanje stranog jezika biti izuzetno važno.This paper elaborates on attitudes of the students of Križevci College of Agriculture regarding the importance of language for special purposes for mobility and employability. The first part of the paper provides theoretical background for research and defines language for specific purposes in the context of mobility and employability. Central part of the paper describes research methods and analysis of research carried out on 132 full time students of Professional study programme of agriculture. Most students are of the opinion that foreign language is an important course subject and that such knowledge and skills will be useful in their future occupation. They also believe that foreign language knowledge became increasingly important with Croatian membership in the EU and that their future employers will favour those job candidates with better foreign language skills. Foreign languages should be an integral part of education at all levels, including the level of higher education. EU membership puts us in the circle of linguistic and cultural diversity and knowledge of foreign languages will become increasingly important

WEED CONTOL IN CUCURBIT CROPS

Prema službenoj se evidenciji tikvenjače u Hrvatskoj uzgajaju na 5 000 do 7 000 hektara. Znatno dominira uzgoj uljne buče (cca 70%) i lubenice (cca 10%). Korovi su važan ograničavajudi čimbenik proizvodnje. Izbor je herbicida ograničen. Ovisno o vrsti tikvenjače, registrirani su samo S-metolaklor, petoksamid, pendimetalin, napropamid, klomazon i cikloksidim. Kemijske se mjere borbe zbog ograničena izbora herbicida i nepotpuna spektra djelovanja uobičajeno u praksi kombiniraju s mehaničkim mjerama (međuredna kultivacija, okopavanje) te, kod manje zastupljenih vrsta, s uzgojem na foliji. Nekemijske mjere (živi i mrtvi malč, slijepa sjetva i dr.) treba istražiti u hrvatskim pedo-klimatskim uvjetima.According to official records, in Croatia cucurbit crops are grown on 5 000 to 7 000 ha. During the last three years oil pumpkin with 70 % and watermelon with 10 % are the most grown pumpkins. Weeds are one of the most important limiting factors in production. The number of herbicides available for pumpkins is quite limited. Depending on the type of pumpkins, S-metolachlor, petoxamide, pendimethaline, napropamide, clomazone and cycloxydim are the only registered herbicides. Because of the limited selection of herbicides and the limited weed spectrum, in practice, chemical measures are usually combined with mechanical measures (interrow cultivation, hilling) and cultivation on the foil in some type of pumpkins . Non-chemical measures (mulch, cover crops, false seed bed) should be explored in pedo-climatic conditions in Croatia

EVALUATION OF ENDIVE KULTIVARS IN THE SUMMER-AUTUMN GROWING PERIOD

U klimatskim prilikama sjeverozapadne Hrvatske provedeno je dvogodišnje istraživanje s pet kultivara endivije u ljetno-jesenskom roku uzgoja. Cilj je bio odabrati najpogodnije kultivare endivije s obzirom na komponente prinosa i kvalitetu. Pokus je postavljen po metodi slučajnog bloknog rasporeda u pet ponavljanja. Istraživani su kultivari endivije eskariol tipa: Bubikopf, Gigante degli Ortolani, Maral, Samy i Stratego. Prema ostvarenom tržnom prinosu i masi tržnog dijela rozete u obje, klimatski vrlo različite godine istraživanja, isticali su se kultivari Maral (55,0 i 53,2 t/ha; 1086 i 1164 g) i Samy (52,5 i 55,4 t/ha; 1105 i 1198 g). Kultivar Stratego u obje je godine istraživanja razvio statistički opravdano najveći broj etioliranih listova u rozeti (42 i 49), kao i najveći ukupan broj listova u rozeti (100 i 115).In the climatic conditions of north-western Croatia two years investigations were carried out with five endive cultivars during the summer-autumn growing period. The aim of the investigation was to find out the most suitable cultivar concerning yield and quality components. The experiment was set up according to the randomized block scheme with five replications. The investigated broad-leaved (escarole type) endive cultivars were: Bubikopf, Gigante degli Ortolani, Maral, Samy and Stratego. On the basis of the marketable yield and the weight of the marketable part of the rosette in both, climatically very different years, cultivars Maral (55.0 and 53.2 t/ha; 1086 and 1164 g) and Samy (52.5 and 55.4 t/ha; 1105 and 1198 g) stand out. Cultivar Stratego had, in years, significantly the highest number of etiolated leaves in rosette (42 and 49) as well as the highest total number of leaves (100 and 115) in rosette