Impact of acute lymphoblastic leukemia on the microbiome and oral lesions: scoping review

Objetivo: Describir el conocimiento existente sobre las alteraciones del MBO y la presencia LO en pacientes con LLA. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica en las bases de datos PubMed, Scielo y Google académico y se incluyeron artículos descriptivos, analíticos, observacionales sobre MBO, LO y LLA. Se evaluaron 642, se eliminaron artículos duplicados, reporte de caso y aquellos donde solo reportaran los cambios durante o después del tratamiento quimioterapéutico. Resultados: Se evaluaron 10 artículos, publicados entre 1997 y 2021, 4 artículos coincidieron que el MBO de pacientes con LLA se encuentra en disbiosis mostrando un aumento significativo de firmicutes, bacillus, y bacterias oportunistas como Moraxella spp, Klebsiella spp , Pseudomona spp ,Enterobacter spp , Acinetobacter spp y E . coli, las LO más frecuentes reportadas en 5 artículos fueron sangrado gingival espontáneo, gingivitis y úlceras. Conclusiones: La cavidad oral de los pacientes con LLA se encuentra en disbiosis y se identifican LO asociadas. Es necesario establecer estrategias preventivas con un enfoque nicho-ecológico para restablecer el MBO, con la finalidad de disminuir el riesgo de infecciones oportunistas y otras LO durante el tratamiento de quimioterapia.Objective: To describe the existing knowledge about the alterations of the MBO and the presence of LO in patients with ALL. Material and Method: An electronic search was carried out in the PubMed, Scielo, and Academic Google databases, and descriptive, analytical, and observational articles on MBO, LO, and LLA were included. 642 articles were evaluated, duplicate articles, case reports, and those where they only reported changes during or after chemotherapy treatment were eliminated. Results: 10 articles were evaluated and published between 1997 and 2021, 4 articles agreed that the MBO of patients with LLA was found in dysbiosis showing a significant increase in firmicutes, bacillus, and opportunistic bacteria such as Moraxella spp, Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas spp, Enterobacter spp, Acinetobacter spp, andE. coli, the most frequent LO reported in 5 articles were spontaneous gingival bleeding, gingivitis, and ulcers. Conclusions: The oral cavity of patients with ALL is in dysbiosis and associated OL is identified. It is necessary to establish preventive strategies with a niche-ecological approach to restore the MBO, to reduce the risk of opportunistic infections and other LO during chemotherapy treatmen

Urinary Metabolites Altered during the Third Trimester in Pregnancies Complicated by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Relationship with Potential Upcoming Metabolic Disorders

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a disorder in pregnancy with highest impact in the future life of both mother and newborn. Increasing incidence, economic impact, and potential for severe GDM-related pregnancy complications are some factors that have motivated the deep study of physiopathology, risk factors for developing GDM, and potential biomarkers for its diagnosis. In the present pilot study, we analyzed the urinary metabolome profile of GDM patients in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, when GDM is already established and the patients are under dietary and pharmacological control. An untargeted metabolomics method based on liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis was developed to identify differentially expressed metabolites in the GDM group. We identified 14 metabolites that are significantly upregulated in the urine of GDM patients, and, more importantly, we identified those related with the steroid hormone biosynthesis and tryptophan (TRP) metabolism pathways, which are associated with GDM pathophysiology. Thus, these metabolites could be screened as potential prognostic biomarkers of type two diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease and chronic renal failure in future follow-up studies with GDM patients

Exposure to p,p′-DDE Induces Morphological Changes and Activation of the PKCα-p38-C/EBPβ Pathway in Human Promyelocytic HL-60 Cells

Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE), the most persistent metabolite of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), is still present in the human population. Both are present in the bone marrow of patients with bone marrow disorders, but thus far there are no studies that assess the capability of p,p′-DDE to affect myeloid cells. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of p,p′-DDE on promyelocytic cell differentiation and intracellular pathways related to this event. p,p′-DDE induced morphological changes compatible with promyelocytic differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner. The p,p′-DDE effect on Ca2+i, C/EBPβ protein levels, PKCα and p38 activation, and the role of oxidative stress or PLA2 was assayed. Exposure to 1.9 μg/mL of p,p′-DDE increased Ca2+i, PKCα, p38, and C/EBPβ protein levels; the increase of nuclear C/EBPβ protein was dependent on p38. PKCα phosphorylation was dependent on PLA2 and p,p′-DDE-induced oxidative stress. p38 phosphorylation induced by p,p′-DDE was dependent on PLA2, PKC activation, and oxidative stress. These effects of p,p′-DDE at concentrations found in human bone marrow may induce alterations in immature myeloid cells and could affect their cellular homeostasis. In order to establish the risk from exposure to p,p′-DDE on the development of bone marrow disorders in humans, these effects deserve further study

Differential Expression of <i>AhR</i> in Peripheral Mononuclear Cells in Response to Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mexican Women

The exposure to air pollutants causes significant damage to health, and inefficient cooking and heating practices produce high levels of household air pollution, including a wide range of health-damaging pollutants such as fine particles, carbon monoxide and PAHs. The exposure to PAHs has been associated with the development of neoplastic processes, asthma, genotoxicity, altered neurodevelopment and inflammation. The effects on the induction of proinflammatory cytokines are attributed to the activation of AhR. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the PAHs produce proinflammatory effects are unknown. This study was performed on a group of 41 Mexican women from two rural communities who had stoves inside their houses, used wood as biomass fuel, and, thus, were vulnerable. According to the urinary 1-OHP concentration, the samples were stratified into two groups for determination of the levels of TNF-α, AhR, CYP1B1, miR-125b and miR-155 expression. Our results showed that the CYP1B1, TNF-α, miR-125b and miR-155 expression levels were not statistically different between women with the lowest and highest levels of 1-OHP. Interestingly, high levels of PAHs promoted augmented expression of AhR, which is a protein involved in the modulation of inflammatory pathways in vivo, suggesting that cell signaling of AhR may be implicated in several pathogenesis processes

Urinary Metabolomic Profile of Neonates Born to Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most frequent pregnancy complications with potential adverse outcomes for mothers and newborns. Its effects on the newborn appear during the neonatal period or early childhood. Therefore, an early diagnosis is crucial to prevent the development of chronic diseases later in adult life. In this study, the urinary metabolome of babies born to GDM mothers was characterized. In total, 144 neonatal and maternal (second and third trimesters of pregnancy) urinary samples were analyzed using targeted metabolomics, combining liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and flow injection analysis mass spectrometry (FIA-MS/MS) techniques. We provide here the neonatal urinary concentration values of 101 metabolites for 26 newborns born to GDM mothers and 22 newborns born to healthy mothers. The univariate analysis of these metabolites revealed statistical differences in 11 metabolites. Multivariate analyses revealed a differential metabolic profile in newborns of GDM mothers characterized by dysregulation of acylcarnitines, amino acids, and polyamine metabolism. Levels of hexadecenoylcarnitine (C16:1) and spermine were also higher in newborns of GDM mothers. The maternal urinary metabolome revealed significant differences in butyric, isobutyric, and uric acid in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. These metabolic alterations point to the impact of GDM in the neonatal period