Observed and simulated distribution of stenobiomic bovid species (BSI = 1) across biomes.

<p>sp., number of species; %, proportion of species with BSI = 1 in relation to total number of species in each biome; <i>p</i>, probability in each biome of the proportion of species with BSI = 1 being greater than or equal to (plain) or lower than or equal to (italics) the observed proportion in Bovidae.</p

Observed and simulated BSI values for Bovidae.

<p>Frequencies of species within Bovidae in each BSI and comparison with 10000 Monte Carlo simulations. <i>%</i>, proportion of the total number of species (137); <i>p</i>, probability of species in the simulations being greater than or equal to (plain) or lower than or equal to (italics) the observed proportion in Bovidae.</p

Observed and simulated distribution of stenobiomic ruminant species (BSI = 1) across biomes.

<p>sp., number of species; <i>%</i>, proportion of species with BSI = 1 in relation to total number of species in each biome; <i>p</i>, probability in each biome of the proportion of species with BSI = 1 being greater than or equal to (plain) or lower than or equal to (italics) the observed proportion in ruminants.</p

Speciation rate sigmoid model fit.

<p>Probability distributions of the parameters from the 100 trees analysed (A) and graphic representation of the sigmoid model under QuaSSE (B). λ₀, speciation rate for low values of BSI; λ₁, speciation rate for high values of BSI. Mean values are indicated by the solid vertical lines. Bars at the bottom of the distributions and the shaded areas correspond to the 95% credibility intervals. Under QuaSSE, the speciation rate for low BSI values are almost tenfold the speciation rate for lineages with high BSI (from 0.17 to 0.018), with an inflection point at 4.61.</p

Phylogenetic tree of the ruminants [<b>60</b>] and BSI values distribution.

<p>Shown with colours are the most species rich families: Cervidae (blue) and Bovidae (orange). BSI is shown by the horizontal bar for each species. The vertical dashed lines indicate the limits between stenobiomic species (BSI = 1), semi-eurybiomic species (1</p

Quantitative-trait-dependent speciation models (QuaSSE).

<p>Representation of the maximum likelihood speciation rate models compared with QuaSSE, where the rate of speciation changes as a function of the variable under study, BSI in our case.</p

Frequency distribution of biomic specialization index (BSI) for Cervidae and Bovidae.

<p>Grey bars represent observed distribution of BSI. Black lines show the average number of species from 10000 Monte Carlo Simulations (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0028749#pone-0028749-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0028749#pone-0028749-t003" target="_blank">3</a>). Significance level for the difference between the observed and the expected distributions: ***, p<0.001; **, 0.01>p>0.001; *, 0.05>p>0.01; n.s., not significant.</p

Fits of the quantitative-trait-dependent speciation models (QuaSSE).

<p>Summary of model fits for the correlation between biomic specialization index (BSI) and speciation rates for ruminants. <i>lnL</i>, log Likelihood of the fit; <i>n</i> number of parameters; <i>AIC</i>, Akaike Information Criterion; <i>ΔAIC</i>, difference of <i>AIC</i> relative to the best model (sigmoidal λ with directional evolution, in bold). Mean and range of <i>lnL</i>, <i>AIC</i> and <i>ΔAIC</i> from the 100 trees analysed are shown. <i>St.Dev</i>, standard deviation.</p

Frequency distribution of biomic specialization index (BSI) for ruminants.

<p>Grey bars represent observed distribution of BSI in Ruminantia. Black lines show the average number of species from 10000 Monte Carlo Simulations (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0028749#pone-0028749-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>). Significance level for the difference between the observed and the expected distributions: ***, p<0.001; **, 0.01>p>0.001; *, 0.05>p>0.01; n.s., not significant.</p

Observed and simulated distribution of stenobiomic deer species (BSI = 1) across biomes.

<p>sp., number of species; %, proportion of species with BSI = 1 in relation to total number of species in each biome; <i>p</i>, probability in each biome of the proportion of species with BSI = 1 being greater than or equal to (plain) or lower than or equal to (italics) the observed proportion in Cervidae.</p