146 research outputs found
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Sorption and chemical transformation of PAHs on coal fly ash
The objective of this research is to characterize the interactions of coal fly ash with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives, and to understand the influence of the surface properties of coal ash (and other atmospheric particles) on the chemical transformations of polycyclic aromatic compounds. During the past year the following specific aspects of this broad problem area have been investigated: (a) Fractionation of heterogeneous coal fly ash samples into different particle types varying in size and chemical composition (carbonaceous, mineral-magnetic, and mineral nonmagnetic); (b) The use of gas-solid chromatography to measure heats of sorption of PAHS, and PAH derivatives, on coal fly ashes and ash fractions. (c) Identification of the major photoproduct(s) of the photodecomposition of one PAH (benz[a]anthracene) sorbed on model adsorbents; (d) Estimation of fractal dimensions'' of coal fly ash particles by use of specific surface area measurements, with an ultimate objective of using these measurements to assess the importance of inner-filter effects'' on the photodecomposition of PAHs sorbed on fly ash particles. (e) The photochemical transformation of a representative nitro-PAH derivative (1-nitropyrene) sorbed on fly ash. (f) Development of techniques for studying the nonphotochemical reactions of hydroxyl radicals (and other atmospheric constituents) with PAHs sorbed on fly ash. Progress achieved, and problems encountered, in each of these major areas of emphasis is described below
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Chemical interactions of polycyclic organic compounds with coal fly ash and related solid surfaces
The interactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with particulate surfaces (especially those of coal fly ash) have been investigated, and the influence of coal ash surface properties on the photochemical transformation of adsorbed PAHs has been studied. The overall objective of the work has been to characterize the effects of adsorption onto atmospheric particulate matter on the chemical behavior of PAHs released into the atmosphere via combustion processes. Progress is reported in the following areas of effort: (a) Major emphasis has been devoted to the interactions of PAHs with the different particulate phases that are found in heterogeneous coal ash samples. Techniques have been developed and thoroughly characterized for the fractionation of coal ashes into carbonaceous, mineral-magnetic, and mineral-nonmagnetic subfractions. Heats of adsorption for pyrene on such subfractions have been measured by gas-solid chromatography, and the photoreactivity of pyrene and benz[a]anthracene on ash subfractions has been examined. Carbonaceous particles exhibit the highest affinity for vapor-phase PAHS; mineral magnetic particles usually exhibit the smallest tendency to sorb PAHs from the vapor phase. Adsorption of PAHs on carbonaceous particles suppresses, virtually completely, their tendency to undergo photochemical transformation. For coal ashes that contain few carbonaceous particles, the adsorption and photochemical transformation of PAHs tend to be dominated by the mineral nonmagnetic particles; PAHs adsorbed on these particles tend to exhibit relatively efficient phototransformation
Ionic liquids at electrified interfaces
Until recently, âroom-temperatureâ (<100â150 °C) liquid-state electrochemistry was mostly electrochemistry of diluted electrolytes(1)â(4) where dissolved salt ions were surrounded by a considerable amount of solvent molecules. Highly concentrated liquid electrolytes were mostly considered in the narrow (albeit important) niche of high-temperature electrochemistry of molten inorganic salts(5-9) and in the even narrower niche of âfirst-generationâ room temperature ionic liquids, RTILs (such as chloro-aluminates and alkylammonium nitrates).(10-14) The situation has changed dramatically in the 2000s after the discovery of new moisture- and temperature-stable RTILs.(15, 16) These days, the âlater generationâ RTILs attracted wide attention within the electrochemical community.(17-31) Indeed, RTILs, as a class of compounds, possess a unique combination of properties (high charge density, electrochemical stability, low/negligible volatility, tunable polarity, etc.) that make them very attractive substances from fundamental and application points of view.(32-38) Most importantly, they can mix with each other in âcocktailsâ of oneâs choice to acquire the desired properties (e.g., wider temperature range of the liquid phase(39, 40)) and can serve as almost âuniversalâ solvents.(37, 41, 42) It is worth noting here one of the advantages of RTILs as compared to their high-temperature molten salt (HTMS)(43) âsister-systemsâ.(44) In RTILs the dissolved molecules are not imbedded in a harsh high temperature environment which could be destructive for many classes of fragile (organic) molecules
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RECHARGEABLE HIGH-VOLTAGE LOW-TEMPERATURE MOLTEN-SALT CELL Na/B"" -ALUMINA/SC13+ IN AlCl3-NaCl
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In-line sensors for electrolytic magnesium cells
This report includes: MgCl{sub 2} purification and molten salt preparation facilities have been completed at both the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The purification of MgCl{sub 2} is being studied. Initial Raman spectral results have been obtained at both facilities. Two analytical spectral techniques involving near-infrared (NIR) and IR reflectance spectral measurements show promise for identifying and quantifying OH species in solid salts of interest. A sealed IR reflectance cell has been developed for use in the project. An electrochemical cell for use in voltammetric studies concerned with the project has been designed and fabricated. 5 refs., 2 figs
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Sorption and chemical transformation of PAHs on coal fly ash. Final technical report
The objectives of this work were to characterize the interactions of coal fly ash with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH`s) and their derivatives, and to attempt to understand the influence of surface properties of coal ash in the chemical transformations of PAH`s
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Chemical interactions of polycyclic organic compounds with coal fly ash and related solid surfaces. Final report, July 1, 1987--December 31, 1989
The interactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with particulate surfaces (especially those of coal fly ash) have been investigated, and the influence of coal ash surface properties on the photochemical transformation of adsorbed PAHs has been studied. The overall objective of the work has been to characterize the effects of adsorption onto atmospheric particulate matter on the chemical behavior of PAHs released into the atmosphere via combustion processes. Progress is reported in the following areas of effort: (a) Major emphasis has been devoted to the interactions of PAHs with the different particulate phases that are found in heterogeneous coal ash samples. Techniques have been developed and thoroughly characterized for the fractionation of coal ashes into carbonaceous, mineral-magnetic, and mineral-nonmagnetic subfractions. Heats of adsorption for pyrene on such subfractions have been measured by gas-solid chromatography, and the photoreactivity of pyrene and benz[a]anthracene on ash subfractions has been examined. Carbonaceous particles exhibit the highest affinity for vapor-phase PAHS; mineral magnetic particles usually exhibit the smallest tendency to sorb PAHs from the vapor phase. Adsorption of PAHs on carbonaceous particles suppresses, virtually completely, their tendency to undergo photochemical transformation. For coal ashes that contain few carbonaceous particles, the adsorption and photochemical transformation of PAHs tend to be dominated by the mineral nonmagnetic particles; PAHs adsorbed on these particles tend to exhibit relatively efficient phototransformation
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Sorption and chemical transformation of PAH`s on coal fly ash
The major objective of this work was to characterize the interactions of coal fly ash with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) and their derivatives, and to attempt to understand the influence of the surface properties of coal ash (and other atmospheric particles) on the chemical transformations of polycyclic aromatic compounds. Our studies have concentrated on the photochemical behavior of PAHs sorbed form the vapor phase on coal fly ashes, and compositional subfractions obtained therefrom. The PAHs are deposited onto the fly ash substrates from the vapor phase, using apparatus and techniques developed in this laboratory in order to simulate, as closely as possible under laboratory conditions, the processes by which PAHs deposit onto fly ash particles in the atmosphere. In this report phototransformation of pyrene sorbed on fly ash fractions, and phototransformations of 1-nitropyrene sorbed on fly ash fractions are discussed
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