Macroporous Gel with a Permeable Reaction Platform for Catalytic Flow Synthesis

We mimic a living system wherein target molecules permeate through capillary and cells for chemical transformation. A monolithic porous gel (MPG) was easily prepared by copolymerization of gel matrix, tertiary amine, and cross-linking monomer in one-step synthesis. Interconnected capillaries existed in the MPG, enabling flow application with high permeability. Because the capillaries were constituted of polymer gel, Pd(0)-loaded MPG provided another permeable pathway to substrates in a gel network, contributing to its much high turnover number after 30 days of use, compared with that of Pd(0)-loaded inorganic supports. Interestingly, the gel network size of the MPG influenced the catalytic frequency. Diffusivities of the substrates and product in the gel networks increased with increasing network sizes in relation to catalytic activities. The MPG strategy provides a universal reactor design in conjunction with a practical process and precisely controlled reaction platform

List of target fungi species for macroarray and the nucleotide sequences of oligo-DNA arrays.

<p>List of target fungi species for macroarray and the nucleotide sequences of oligo-DNA arrays.</p

Schematic representation of specificity of oligo-DNA arrays.

<p>Arrays No. 1–40 are identical to those in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0034249#pone-0034249-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1a</a>. Black circles mean strong signals and gray ones mean weak non-specific cross-hybridization signals.</p

Seasonal changes in pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi and bacteria inhabiting the apple phyllosphere in the four orchards.

<p>Histograms of seasonal changes of pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi (a) and bacteria (b) detected from four orchards (A-chemical, A-organic, B-semi-chemical, B-natural) in 2009 May–October, by macroarray analysis. Y-axis shows relative amounts (average of two replicate) of each species quantified by QuantiOne software. The fungi and bacteria detected at least once in the orchard were indicated by grey background. The red vertical arrows indicate early-mid August when all the fungi and bacteria decreased to extremely lower levels. The major apple disease epidemics of Monilinia blight, scab, Marssonina blotch, and Alternaria blotch were indicated by horizontal arrows. Abbrebiations for fungi were <i>Alternaria alternata</i> (Alt-alt), <i>Aurerobasidum pullulans</i> (Aur-pil), <i>Cladosporium tenuissimum</i> (Cla-ten), <i>Cystofilobasidium macerans</i> (Cys-mac), <i>Epicoccum nigrum</i> (Epi-nig), <i>Cryptococcus victoriae</i> (Cry-vic), <i>Alternaria mali</i> (Alt-mal), <i>Monillinia mali</i> (Mon-mal), <i>Penicillium expansum</i> (Pen-exp), <i>Valsa ceratosperma</i> (Val-cer), <i>Venturia inaequalis</i> (Ven-ina), and <i>Diplocarpon mali</i> (Dip-mal), and for bacteria were <i>Bacillus cereus</i> (Bac-cer), <i>B. megaterium</i> (Bac-meg), <i>B. subtilis</i> (Bac-sub), <i>Pantoea aggromerans</i> (Pan-agg), <i>Pseudomons graminis</i> (Pse-gra), <i>P. fluorescens</i> (Pse-flu), <i>P. putida</i> (Pse-put), <i>P. syringae</i> (Pse-syr), <i>Sphingomonas echinoids</i> (Sph-ech), and <i>S. yunnanensis</i> (Sph-yun).</p

An image of macroarray hybridization for simultaneous detection of major pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi in the phyllosphere of the apple trees.

<p>Arrangement of the arrays was the same to those in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0034249#pone-0034249-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1a</a> (Fungi). The arrays No. 3 (<i>A. pullulans</i>), 5 (<i>Cla. tenuissimum</i>), 11 (<i>Cry. victoriae</i>), and 21 (<i>V. inaequalis</i>) showed strong positive, and 6 (<i>Cys. macerans</i>) and 12 (<i>A. mali</i>) showed weak positive.</p

List of target Bacteria species for macroarray and the nucleotide sequences of oligo-DNA arrays.

<p>List of target Bacteria species for macroarray and the nucleotide sequences of oligo-DNA arrays.</p

List of bacteria species detected from four apple orchards by agar-plate culturing method in 2006–2008 seasons.

<p>They are identified at the genus or species level on the basis of the 16S-rDNA sequence (<i>ca.</i> 1400 bp) for bacteria. “Identity” was shown by the number of nucleotide matched per number of nucleotide compared. “Frequency” indicates the numbers of detection out of 16 trials.</p

The arrangement, specificity, and quantitative nature of macroarray.

<p>(a) The arrangement of macroarray membrane. The numbers are corresponding to those in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0034249#pone-0034249-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0034249#pone-0034249-t004" target="_blank">4</a>. Each array spots are duplicated except for those targeting four Bacillus species. (b) Four sets of four oligo-DNA arrays to discriminate four Bacillus species in the apple phyllosphere. (c) Quantitative analysis of the major fungus <i>A. pullulans</i> and bacterium <i>B. cereus</i> by macroarray. Error bars represent the standard deviation (±SD). Mean bars followed by different letters indicate significant differences by Tukey's test (P<0.05). Horizontal axis indicates the amounts (CFU) of <i>A. pullulans</i> and <i>B. cereus</i>. Vertical axis indicates volume measured by Quantity One.</p

Comparison of nucleotide sequencing and macroarray for the detection of microbial rDNA population in the phyllosphere.

<p>Note that both of the fungal species and the ratio obtained by nucleotide sequencing (a) almost completely matched to the data obtained by macroarray (b). Although the minor bacteria species could not be detect by macroarray (d), but the major ones such as <i>Sphingomonas</i>, <i>Methylobacterium</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas</i> were consistent with both methods (c and d).</p

Additional file 2: Table S1. of A combination of TERT promoter mutation and MGMT methylation status predicts clinically relevant subgroups of newly diagnosed glioblastomas

Molecular and clinical characteristics of Cohort 1 (n = 758). Table S2. Molecular and clinical characteristics of GBM cohort (n = 453). Table S3. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for Group A (IDH mutated-TERT mutated) tumors in Cohort 1 (n = 155). Table S4. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for Group B (IDH mutated-TERT wild-type) tumors in Cohort 1 (n = 131). Table S5. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for Group C (IDH wild-type-TERT wild-type) tumors in Cohort 1 (n = 237). Table S6. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for Group D (IDH wild-type-TERT mutated) tumors in Cohort 1 (n = 235). Table S7. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for GBM in Cohort 1 (n = 260). Table S8. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for GBM in Cohort 2 (n = 193). Table S9. Background of combined GBM cohort stratified by TERT and MGMT status (n = 453). Table S10. Survival time and WHO grade in each molecular subgroup of Cohort 1 (n = 758). (XLSX 254 kb