2 research outputs found

    Ca2+ iyonlarının yenice üretilmiş CaCO3 tanecikleri üzerine etkisi

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    Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Chemical Engineering, Izmir, 2019Includes bibliographical references ( leaves: 58-64)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and EnglishThe objective of this study was to develop a method to synthesize CaCO3 nanoparticles from a chemical precipitation reaction under ambient and high supersaturation conditions. Equimolar CaCl2 and Na2CO3 solutions were reacted in a tubular reactor at a constant rate. The particles growth inhibition was attempted by dispersing the reaction mixture in a continuously stirred Ca(OH)2 solution. This procedure separated the nucleation phase from the growth inhibition process, and was conducted without pH and composition control. The possibility of impeding the CaCO3 particles overgrowth was explored at different precipitants and Ca(OH)2 concentrations. Their effects on the particles morphology, colloidal stability and specific surface area were studied. Although rapidlysettling particles were produced at precipitants concentration of 100 mM, colloidally stable CaCO3 nanoparticles were obtained at concentrations ≤75 mM. Additive Ca2+ ions, provided by the Ca(OH)2 solutions, inhibited the crystals growth by adsorbing irreversibly on the growth sites. The synthesized particles were as much as 95% smaller than those obtained when pure H2O was used instead. Ca2+ ions concentration and amount of precipitated particles were observed to be important factors for monodispersity and high growth inhibition. Monodisperse and stable nanoparticles were synthesized at low reactants concentration and/or precipitates volume. Vaterite phase was observed in the particles obtained when pure H2O was used as the growth-inhibiting solution. However, the presence of additive Ca2+ ions effected the crystallization of pure calcite, regardless of Ca(OH)2 or precipitants concentration, reaction mixtures retention time in the tubular reactor, volume of precipitates, and the growth-inhibiting solutions initial pH.Bu çalışmanın amacı, yüksek aşırı doyma ve normal ortam koşullarındaki bir çöktürme reaksiyonundan, CaCO3 nanotaneciklerini üretmeye yönelik metod geliştirmekti. Eşdeğer molar CaCl2 ve Na2CO3 çözeltileri sabit hızla, tüp şeklinde bir reaktörde reaksiyona sokulmuştur. Yeni oluşan partiküllerin fazla büyümesini engellemek için, reaksiyon karışımı devamlı karıştırılan Ca(OH)2 çözeltisine dağıtılmıştır. Bu yöntem, çekirdeklenme basamağını, kristal büyümesini engelleme prosesinden ayırmıştır. Kimyasal bileşim ve pH ayarlanmadan tamamlanmıştır. Üretilen taneciklerin aşırı büyümesinin engelleme olasılığı, farklı Ca(OH)2 çözeltisi ve tepkenlerin konsantrasyonlarında incelenmiştir. Partiküllerin morfolojisi, koloidal stabilitesi ve özgül yüzey alanı üzerindeki etkiler araştırılmıştır. 100 mM tepken konsantrasyonunda, hızlıca çöken partiküller üretilmesine rağmen, ≤75 mM konsantrasyonlarında kararlı CaCO3 nanotanecikleri elde edilmiştir. Ca(OH)2 çözeltisinden sağlanan katkı Ca2+ iyonları, kristallerin yüzeyine geri dönülemez bir şekilde tutunarak aşırı büyümelerini engellemiştir. Sentezlenen tanecikler, Ca(OH)2 yerine saf H2O kullanıldığında elde edilenlerden %95’e kadar daha küçüktür. Partiküllerin fazla büyümesinin engellemesi ve homojen boyut dağılımında üretilmesinde, katkı Ca2+ iyon konsantrasyonu ve Ca(OH)2 çözeltisine giren çökeltinin miktarı önemli faktörlerdir. Homojen dağılımlı ve koloidal kararlı kalsit nanotanecikleri düşük çökelti hacmi ve tepkenler konsantrasyonunda üretilmiştir. Ca(OH)2 yerine saf H2O kullanıldığında, taneciklerde vaterit polimorfu elde edilmiştir. Ancak, Ca(OH)2 veya tepkenlerin konsantrasyonuna, reaksiyon karışımını reaktörde tutma süresine, Ca(OH)2 çözeltisinin başlangıç pH’ına ve çökelti hacmine bakmaksızın, katkı Ca2+ iyonlarının varlığı saf kalsit fazlarının kristallenmesine etki etmiştir

    Modeling of an activated sludge process for effluent prediction—a comparative study using ANFIS and GLM regression

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    In this paper, nonlinear system identification of the activated sludge process in an industrial wastewater treatment plant was completed using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and generalized linear model (GLM) regression. Predictive models of the effluent chemical and 5-day biochemical oxygen demands were developed from measured past inputs and outputs. From a set of candidates, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and a fuzzy brute-force search were utilized in selecting the best combination of regressors for the GLMs and ANFIS models respectively. Root mean square error (RMSE) and Pearson’s correlation coefficient (R-value) served as metrics in assessing the predicting performance of the models. Contrasted with the GLM predictions, the obtained modeling results show that the ANFIS models provide better predictions of the studied effluent variables. The results of the empirical search for the dominant regressors indicate the models have an enormous potential in the estimation of the time lag before a desired effluent quality can be realized, and preempting process disturbances. Hence, the models can be used in developing a software tool that will facilitate the effective management of the treatment operation
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