A meta-analysis of the ecotoxicological impact of viticultural practices on soil biodiversity

Viticulture is a key sector of the agricultural economy of the main wine-producing countries, e.g. Italy, France, Spain and the USA, but is also one of the main users of phytosanitary products and mechanization. Over the last 15 years, numerous studies of the effect of viticultural practices on soil quality have evidenced strong impacts on soil physical, chemical and biological quality. However, to date a global analysis providing a comprehensive overview of the ecotoxicological impacts of viticultural practices on soil biological quality is missing. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of the literature in order to rank viticultural production systems and practices according to their impact on soil biodiversity and functioning in the context of the agro-ecological transition. We screened about one hundred articles and gathered data on more than 50 viticultural factors and 230 soil biological parameters. The results show that soil microorganisms are threefold to fourfold higher under organic viticulture than under conventional viticulture in terms of biomass, respiration and activity; and that biodynamic viticulture shows a similar trend than organic viticulture. Tillage, the absence of soil cover and mineral fertilization are significantly deleterious to the whole soil biodiversity, whereas cover crops, organic fertilizers and addition of grapevine pruning wood are beneficial. Pesticides-especially herbicides-have an ecotoxicological impact on soil organisms, notably on nematodes with losses of up to two-thirds of individuals. The pivotal role of biodiversity in soil functions implies that this degradation will have substantial consequences on the ecological and agronomical services provided by the soil for vine production. On this basis, we propose a potentially more agro-ecological and sustainable vine production system based on the more virtuous practices

L’holobionte vigne, un levier biologique pour lutter contre les dépérissements ?

National audienc

The holobiont, a biological lever to manage some declines of grapevine

International audienceThe concept of a multicellular organism to describe complex organisms composed of groups of analogous cells called tissues and organs with specific functions, shows currently some limitations. An organism such as a plant does not live alone, but closely associated with different microbial communities making up its microbiomes. The microbiomes, specific to a tissue, interact with the plant and modulate some of its functions, including physiology and immunity. The host and the associated microbiomes define a holobiont, whose function is influenced by the spatio-temporal dynamics of their interactions. Thus, a dysfunction of the grapevine holobiont (linked for example to inappropriate technical itineraries or to climate change) could lead to the development of diseases or physiological disorders, similarly to the alteration of gut microbiota observed in numerous human diseases as type 2 diabetes, obesity and irritable bowel syndrome. The analysis of microbial communities associated with a plant such as grapevine has until recently been limited by the fact that most microorganisms cannot be cultured in vitro. New methods (named -omics) based on the analysis of genome, metabolome and proteome allow to define the taxonomic and functional characteristics of the different microbiomes associated with a plant, in particular organisms (i.e. bacteria, fungi) that are not cultivable. In the Holoviti project, we aim to characterize the role of microbiomes in grapevine homeostasis by describing and comparing the holobiont of i) healthy grapevines and ii) grapevines affected by three declines (Esca / BDA, fanleaf and linked to 161-49C rootstock). One of our objectives is to identify taxonomic and functional bio-indicators (linked to either microbes or the plant) of the host sanitary status. One prospect could be handle the microbial component of the holobiont to improve some ecosystemic services, such as the control of pathogens or the fight against abiotic stresses

L’holobionte « vigne » face au dépérissement ou quand le « vivre ensemble » n’est plus à l’équilibre

Prod 2019-165 SPE EA IPM BIOmE GenoSol INRA UBNational audienc