Enhancement of cell-associated HIV-1 infection by breast milk.

<p>Breast milk from HIV-positive and HIV-negative donors was evaluated for activity against cell-associated HIV-1 infection in TZM-bl cell assays. Breast milk was tested at 5-fold serial dilutions (1∶4, 1∶20, 1∶100 and 1∶500). Percent inhibition or enhancement of cell-associated R5 HIV-1_BAL is shown for breast milk samples from individual HIV-positive (open circles) and HIV-negative (closed circles) donors.</p

Inhibition of cell-free HIV-1 by breast milk.

<p>Mature breast milk from HIV-positive (n = 8) and HIV-negative (n = 8) donors was evaluated for inhibition of cell-free HIV-1 in TZM-bl cell assays. Cells were infected with R5 HIV-1_BaL in the presence of five-fold serial dilutions of breast milk. Percent inhibition was calculated relative to control cultures infected with HIV-1_BaL in the absence of added breast milk. HIV-inhibitory activity of breast milk from HIV-positive (dotted line) and HIV-negative (solid line) donors is shown (mean ± SD).</p

Immune factors in breast milk from Tanzanian donors.

<p>The concentrations of multiple immune factors including cytokines, chemokines and growth factors were measured in breast milk samples using a multiplex panel. Data for each factor is expressed as concentration (pg/mL) and is presented for all donors irrespective of HIV serostatus.</p

Characteristics of Tanzanian breast milk donors.

<p>Characteristics of Tanzanian breast milk donors.</p

Lewis^X and sialyl-Lewis^X in breast milk.

<p>Levels of Lewis^X and sialyl-Lewis^X were measured by ELISA in breast milk samples from both HIV-positive and HIV-negative donors. The results were then compared to cell-free HIV-inhibitory activity for the same samples. Data is expressed as the percent inhibition of cell-free R5 (□) and X4 (♦) HIV-1 relative to the levels of either Lewis^X or sialyl-Lewis^X measured for each sample.</p