50 лет геофизических исследований ледников в Институте географии

In 1967‑2015, Institute of Geography of the USSR/Russian Academy of Sciences together with other organizations carried out field expeditions in different areas of mountain and polar glaciations in many regions: the Polar Urals, Caucasus, Pamir, Zailiysky and Jungar Alatau, Tien‑Shan, Pamir‑Alai, the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Pyrenees, the Arctic – Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef and Severnaya Zemlya, and Antarctica – on the ice flow B, and in the sub‑Antarctic – Islands King George, Galindez, and Livingston. The gravimetric and ground and aerial radar observations were made in these expeditions. About 300 glaciers of different morphological types and sizes with cold, subpolar and temperate thermal regime were studied. Basic results of these studies are the following: (1) the new data on the ice thicknesses, ice volumes, subglacial relief, internal structure, and thermal state of the glaciers were obtained; (2) the two‑layered (polythermal) glaciers consisting of the upper layer of cold ice and the lower layer of temperate water‑filled ice had been revealed in Svalbard for the first time; spatial distribution of cold, polythermal and temperate glaciers had been determined; (3) the evidences were obtained that measured changes in thickness of the upper cold ice layer in polythermal glaciers can be used to estimate the long‑period variations of regional climates and serve as regional paleothermometers; (4) methods for estimating the water content in temperate and polythermal glaciers from the RES data were developed; and its space‑time variations in temperate ices of the Svaldbald glaciers were estimated since even small water content inside of them can noticeably change their dynamic behavior; (5) methods for estimating the ice volume within glaciers in large regions of mountain and polar glaciations had been created; the ice storages were estimated in Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Dzhungrsky Alatau, the Great Caucasus, and Mt. Elbrus; (6) detailed data on the ice thicknesses and the subglacial relief had been obtained for 40 glaciers in framework of different national and international programs and projects; the data can be used to solve a wide range of practical and theoretical problems, including numerical modeling. These studies demonstrated the following: (1) the use of monopulse radars VIRL‑6 and VIRL‑7 of decameter range (the central frequency is 20 MHz) with digital recording of the radar and GPS data is quite efficient for ground‑based and airborne (from helicopters) radio‑echo sounding of mountain and polar glaciers with their ice thicknesses up to 500–600 m; (2) it was found that thicknesses of glaciers in the Caucasus and Tien Shan can reach 330–430 m, while in regions of mountain, ice‑sheet and transitional glaciation on the Spitsbergen Archipelago – 300, 560 and 600 m, respectively, on the ice caps of the Franz‑Josef Land and Severnaya Zemlya – 450 and 813 m, and on King George and Livingston Islands (Sub‑Antarctica) – 330 and 500 m; (3) large parts of ice caps and outlet glaciers in Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya which beds were located below the sea level were found. Precisely these parts can be undergone quick shortening due to climate warming, and, thus, cause formation of icebergs making threats for ships and gas‑oil marine platforms in the Barents and Kara seas; (4) data of the measurements made possible to calculate volumes of a number of investigated glaciers and ice caps and to estimate the ice storages in large areas of mountain and polar glaciations (the Jungar Alatau, Great Caucasus, Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land); (5) decreasing of glacier volumes on the Franz Josef Land and some Spitsbergen glaciers for the last decades had been estimated. Analysis of the data obtained had shown that considerable part of polythermal glaciers in Spitsbergen belong to type of surging glaciers; they have the winter englacial runoff and form the near‑glacier icings. It allows considering such glaciers as dynamically unstable, predisposed to surges as well as possible sources of winter water supply and additional sources of paleoinformation about long‑period variations of regional climate.Рассказано об истории и основных результатах геофизических исследований ледников, выполненных в Институте географии АН СССР/РАН в период с 1966 по 2016 г. группой специалистов по изучению толщины и строения ледников с применением геофизических методов. Такие данные необходимы для оценки запасов пресной воды в ледниках и их вклада в изменение уровня Мирового океана, а также для прогнозирования и реконструкции динамики ледников

Ретроспективный анализ эффективности эксплуатационной работы железных дорог в грузовом движении

ABSTRACT A detailed analysis of efficiency of operational work in conditions of reforming of the national economy and railways (1992-2017) is carried out. The need for a significant increase in efficiency based on implementation of technologically and economically sound innovative solutions in the long term to 2030 is emphasized. It is noted that freight transportation is the main income-generating business of the industry and, at the same time, a large part of the operating costs of railway transport is also falling on them, that is why the level of organization of work in cargo traffic is of crucial importance for economically efficient and sustainable operation of railways. It is concluded that in order to further enhance the efficiency of their operational activities, new dynamics of innovations in the framework of the general innovation-oriented development of the industry is required. Keywords: railway transport, innovation-focused development, efficiency of operational work, train weight, section speed, technical speed, train performance, coefficient of usefulness of train operation.Полный текст на англ. языке находится в прилагаемом файле ПДФ (англ. версия следует после русской версии).Проведён подробный анализ эффективности эксплуатационной работы в условиях реформирования экономики страны и железных дорог (1992-2017 гг.). Отмечена необходимость существенного роста эффективности на базе реализации технологически и экономически обоснованных инновационных решений в долгосрочной перспективе до 2030 года. Отмечено, что грузовые перевозки являются главным доходообразующим бизнесом отрасли, и вместе с тем на их долю падает и бо́льшая часть эксплуатационных расходов железнодорожного транспорта, поэтому уровень организации работы в грузовом движении имеет важнейшее значение для экономически эффективной, устойчивой деятельности железных дорог. Сделан вывод, что для дальнейшего повышения эффективности их эксплуатационной деятельности требуется активизация и радикализация инноваций в рамках общего инновационно-ориентированного развития отрасли

«Экологический императив» и инновационное развитие транспорта

For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version). ABSTRACT The article considers one of the key characteristics of the new industrial revolution which is the increase in environmental friendliness of production or the «ecological imperative». Areas for improving environmental friendliness in the transport sector have been identified, and a number of inventions (innovative proposals) have been analyzed that contribute to the implementation of the ecological imperative. On the basis of the analysis, a matrix classification of innovations is presented, representing innovations significant for transport, primarily railway. Conclusions are drawn regarding the long-term development of rail transport in order to improve its environmental friendliness, an adequate response to the global challenges of the future. 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[Triboelektricheskaja revoljucija?].[Electronic resource]: http://www.nanonewsnet.ru/ news/2014/triboelektricheskaya-revolyutsiya.Last accessed 01.06.2016. 28.Load electricity with cars! 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V. Innovations, significant for railway transport [Innovacii, znachimye dlja zheleznodorozhnogo transporta].Bulletin of Joint Scientific Council of JSC Russian Railways, 2014, Iss.3, pp.53-69.Текст аннотации на англ. языке и полный текст статьи на англ. языке находится в прилагаемом файле ПДФ (англ. версия следует после русской версии).В статье рассмотрена одна из ключевых характеристик новой промышленной революции - повышение экологичности производства или «экологический императив». Сформированы направления повышения экологичности в транспортной отрасли, проведен анализ ряда изобретений (инновационных предложений), способствующих реализации экологического императива. На основе анализа представлена матричная классификация подобных инноваций, значимых для транспорта, прежде всего - железнодорожного. Сделаны выводы относительно задач долгосрочного развития железнодорожного транспорта с целью повышения его экологичности, адекватной реакции на глобальные вызовы будущего

Диэлектрические свойства почв и грунтов и оценка их гидротермического состояния под снежным покровом по данным радиозондирования

Snow cover significantly affects the thermal regime of the underlying soils, and its assessment and monitoring are an urgent task of remote sensing studies. To solve it, data on their dielectric properties and their dependence on physical properties are necessary. Analysis of available data showed that the relative dielectric permittivity of soils most strongly depends on their moisture content and can vary from 2 to 40. This leads to a noticeable difference in the reflection coefficient from the interface between snow cover and dry and wet soils, which can be detected by radio-echo sounding. This opens up a new way to apply radar data to assess and monitor the hydrothermal state of soils under snow cover. Compilation of data on the typical reflectance properties of different soils in areas with permafrost and seasonal snow cover might be useful. The presence of wet snow cover on the surface of wet soils makes such systematic compilation more difficult.Выполнен обзор диэлектрических свойств сухих и влажных почв и грунтов и их зависимости от минерального и органического состава, температуры и содержания воды. Показана возможность оценки гидротермического состояния этих сред под снежным покровом по данным измерений коэффициента отражения от его подошвы и полезность обобщения сведений о характерных отражающих свойствах разных почв и грунтов в районах с сезонным снежным покровом и распространением многолетней мерзлоты

Скорость распространения радиоволн в сухом и влажном снежном покрове

In recent years, ground-penetrating radars are widely used for measuring thickness and liquid water content in snow cover on land and glaciers. The measurement accuracy depends on radio wave velocity (RWV) adopted for calculations. The RWV depends mainly on density, water content and structure of the snow cover and ice layers in it. The density and wetness of snow, and its structure can be estimated from data on RWV, using the available experimental and theoretical relations. Satisfactory results can be obtained using the Looyenga’s (1965) equations to estimate the density and wetness of snow cover, and equations of van Beek’s (1967) showing the distinction between RWV speeds velocities in snow cover and ice layers with different prevailing orientation and sizes of air or water inclusions.RWV in dry snow with density 300 kg/m3 may vary by 32 m/µs, depending on whether the vertical or horizontal orientation of the air inclusions prevails therein. In ice with density 700 kg/m3 effect of air inclusions orientation on differences in RWV is reduced to 5 m/µs. If the inclusions are not filled with air but with water, the difference in RWV in snow is 21 m/µs, and in ice is 24 m/µs. The RWV is affected not only by orientation of the inclusions, but their elongation. Twofold elongation of ellipsoidal air and water inclusions increases the difference in RWV in snow (with a density 300 kg/m3 ) to 23 m/µs and 22 m/µs.These estimates show a noticeable influence of snow structure on RWV in snow cover. The reliability of the above RWV estimates depends significantly on a thermal state of the snow cover, and decreases during snowmelt and increases in the cold period. It strongly depends on accuracy of measurements of the RWV in snow cover and its separate layers. With sufficiently high accuracy of the measurements this makes possible to detect and identify loose layers of deep hoar and compact layers of infiltration and superimposed ice, which is important for studying the liquid water storage of snow cover and a glacier mass balance. Therefore, considerable attention should be given to accuracy of the RWV measurements in dry and wet snow cover and its individual layers. With sufficiently high accuracy of measurements of the RWV, this should allow revealing such layers and estimating their thickness and average density.Представлены результаты расчётов скорости распространения радиоволн в снежном покрове в зависимости от плотности, влажности, структуры снега и прослоек в нём льда по разным эмпирическим и теоретическим зависимостям. Различие в скорости распространения радиоволн в сухом снеге плотностью 300  кг/м3 с преобладающей вертикальной или горизонтальной ориентацией включений воздуха достигает 32  м/мкс и уменьшается до 5  м/мкс во льду плотностью 700  кг/м3. Выполненные оценки показывают заметное влияние структуры на скорость распространения радиоволн в сухом и влажном снежном покрове, что позволяет обнаруживать и идентифицировать рыхлые слои глубинной изморози и плотные слои инфильтрационного и наложенного льда

Об оценке объёма льда горных ледников

Volume (V) − area (S) scaling approach (V = kSp, where V and S are obtained from direct measurements) is widely used for ice storage assessments in glacier-mountain systems. Accuracy of this approach was tested using surface area and volume dataset for 121 glaciers of different morphological type and sizes in Altay Mountains. It is shown that to increase total volume estimation accuracy, the coefficients k and p should be calculated for dominant morphological glacier types in the given region. Volume assessments for individual glaciers can be done using limited ice thickness data along the longitudinal profile. For two glaciers in Caucasus volume was calculated using parabolic and Topo to Raster approximation for cross section profiles of their surface and bedrock with acceptable accuracy (from 1 to 33%). It is also shown that ice-thickness data for 10–15 glaciers of dominant morphological type is enough for adequate estimation of the total ice storage in given mountain system with error less than 20%.Имеющиеся данные по измерению толщины и объёма горных ледников, а также существующие расчётные методы не позволяют достаточно точно установить запасы льда в горно-ледниковых системах. Обсуждаются существующие методы определения объёма горных ледников и запасов льда в горно-ледниковых системах, а также способы их более точной оценки на основе ограниченных данных о толщине и объёме отдельных ледников. Оценивается ошибка определения объёма отдельных ледников при ограниченном числе измерений

Сравнение гидротермической структуры двух ледников Шпицбергена и Тянь-Шаня по данным радиозондирования

The distribution of cold and temperate ice and water in polythermal glaciers significantly affects their dynamics, thermal and hydrological regime. Radar techniques are an effective remote method of their studies that allows one to determine a glacier thickness by the delay time and to estimate the water content in temperate ice and at bedrock by the intensity of reflections from the interface between cold and temperate ice and the glacier bed. In case study of Austre Grønfjordbreen in Spitsbergen and Central Tuyksu glacier in Tien Shan we consider the features of their hydrothermal structure in spring and summer periods using the data of ground-based radio-­echo sounding at frequency of 20 MHz. To estimate the relative water content, we used data from measurements of relative power reflections from the cold-temperate ice interface, at the bedrock, and from the temperate ice body. In these glaciers (Austre Grønfjordbreen and Central Tuyksu), the average thickness of cold and temperate ice is, respectively, 61 ± 6 and 27 ± 2 m, and 39 ± 4 and 20 ± 2 m, the volume of cold ice is 0.466 ± 0.005 km3 and 0.044 ± 0.002 km3, and volume of temperate ice is 0.104 ± 0.001 and 0.034 ± 0.001 km3. Warm ice contains 2080 × 103 and 680 × 103 m3 of water, respectively, with an average content of 2%. Measurements along the longitudinal profiles of these glaciers showed that in some parts on Austre Grønfjordbreen in the spring period the average intensity of reflections from the cold­temperate ice interface and the bedrock is −0.02 – −26.3 and −6.0 – −11.8 dB, respectively, and at the whole profile this is −13.36 dB. At Central Tuyuksu glacier the spring values are −14.5 – −32.4 and −29.6 dB, respectively. We attribute such differences of glaciers to the different water content in the temperate ice below and above these boundaries, to the specific distribution of the ice facies zones and glacial nourishment, to the different intensity of surface melting in the spring and summer periods, and to the different crevassing and velocity of glaciers.Рассмотрены особенности распределения толщины холодного и тёплого льда и воды в политермических ледниках на Шпицбергене (Земле Норденшельда) и Тянь-Шане (Заилийский Алатау) по данным наземных радиолокационных измерений на частоте 20 МГц, выполненных соответственно весной 2010 и 2019 гг. и летом 2013 г. По времени запаздывания и интенсивности отражений от поверхности раздела холодного и тёплого льда из толщи тёплого льда и от ложа определены толщина и объём холодного и тёплого льда, оценено содержание воды в тёплом льду и показана связь этих характеристик с особенностями строения и режима ледников в весенний и летний периоды, до и после начала таяния

Гидротермическая структура политермического ледника на Шпицбергене по данным измерений и численного моделирования

Thickness of the upper cold ice layer in the ablation area of the polythermal glacier Grønfjordbreen (Spitsbergen) was estimated by means of numerical modeling. The results were compared with data of radio-echo sounding of the same glacier obtained in 1979 and 2012. Numerical experiments with changing water content in the lower layer of temperate ice and surface snow cover thickness made possible to compare calculated and modeled cold ice thicknesses and to estimate their changes for 33‑year period caused by regional climate change. According to data of radio-echo sounding, thickness of the cold ice layer decreased, on average, by 34 m. Numerical modeling shown similar results: the cold ice layer became thinner by 31 m and 39 m at altitudes 100–300 a.s.l. under the snow cover thickness of 1 m and 2 m. We explain this by rising of annual mean air temperature by 0,6 °С as compared to data of the nearest meteorological station Barentsburg in the same period. We believe that changes in cold ice layer thickness in polythermal glaciers can be used for estimation of changes in such regional climatic parameter as mean air temperature at different altitudes of the glacier surface in the ablation area.Для политермического ледника Восточный Грёнфьорд на Шпицбергене выполнены численное моделирование толщины верхнего слоя холодного льда в области абляции и сравнение полученных результатов с данными радиозондирования за 1979–2012 гг. Согласно данным радиозондирования, слой холодного льда за 33‑летний период стал тоньше в среднем на 34 м. Численное моделирование показало аналогичные результаты: среднее сокращение слоя холодного льда на высоте 100–300 м над ур. моря составило 31 и 39 м при толщине снежного покрова соответственно 1 и 2 м, что объясняется повышением средней положительной температуры воздуха на 0,6 °С

Влияние снежного покрова на термический режим политермического ледника в условиях Западного Шпицбергена

Influence of snow cover, climate and glacier parameters on the cold-ice layer thickness and thermal regime in the ablation area of a polythermal glacier in Western Svalbard was investigated. Numerical modeling has demonstrated that a thickness of a cold layer in a polythermal glacier depends on a relation between the ablation on the surface and the freezing rate at the layer base. If the ablation rate is lower than that of the freezing, the layer thickness grows until the ablation and freezing rates become equal. Estimations show that in a case of slightly negative air temperatures on the glacier its cold-ice layer thickness increases when the snow cover thickness grows.Для условий Западного Шпицбергена на основе математического моделирования дана оценка влияния параметров снежного покрова, климатических условий и характеристик ледника на толщину холодного слоя политермического ледника и его термический режим в области абляции. Расчёты показали, что толщина холодного слоя политермического ледника зависит от соотношения абляции и скорости промерзания на нижней границе холодного слоя ледника. Если величина абляции меньше скорости промерзания на этой границе, то толщина такого слоя будет увеличиваться пока скорость промерзания не сравняется с величиной абляции. Проведённые расчёты показали, что в условиях небольших отрицательных температур воздуха на леднике с ростом толщины снежного покрова увеличивается толщина холодной части ледника

Колебания ледяного покрова и давления в морской воде вблизи фронта ледника Туна на Шпицбергене

Results of oceanographic measurements carried out in February, 2011, from the sea ice surface in the Tempelfjorden near the Tunabreen front in Svalbard are presented. Two temperature and pressure recorders SBE-39 were deployed on a wire from the ice approximately 300 m from the glacier front. The sampling time interval was 1 s. A pressure recorder SBE-37 was located under them on the bottom with a sampling interval of 6 s. Pressure oscillations on the bottom with a period of 90 s and ice cover oscillations with periods of 10 s and 14 s were recorded. The conclusion is made that the recorded oscillations of pressure in the sea water are related to the glacier microsurges, and the observed profiles of temperature, density, and salinity show the absence or insignificant inflow of fresh water from the glacier in the fjord during the winter season. The measurements allowed us to estimate the Young's modulus of the ice.Приводятся результаты океанологических исследований, выполненных в феврале 2011 г. с поверхности морского льда в Темпель-фьорде вблизи фронта ледника Туна на Шпицбергене. На расстоянии около 300 м от фронта ледника Туна в пробуренную во льду лунку на тросе были опущены два измерителя температуры и давления SBE-39 с дискретностью измерений 1 с. На дно установили измеритель температуры, электропроводности и давления SBE-37 с дискретностью измерений 6 с. Зарегистрированы колебания давления на дне с периодом 90 с и колебания поверхности льда с периодами 10 и 14 с. Сделан вывод, что эти колебания связаны с микроподвижками ледника, а измеренные профили температуры, плотности и солёности указывают на отсутствие или незначительное поступление пресной воды из ледника во фьорд в зимнее время. Оценена также величина упругого модуля для льда