Cysterskie układy wodne i ich znaczenie dla kształtowania krajobrazu

Usytuowanie opactwa w dolinie rzeki, z dość bogatym systemem dopływów uznaje się za zasadę lokacji cysterskich: Bernardus valles, colles Benedictus amabat, Franciscus vicos, magnas Dominicus urbes („Bernard kochał doliny, Benedykt zaś wzgórza, Franciszek miasteczka, Dominik wielkie miasta miłował”). Dolina dawała podstawę rozwoju przestrzennego i prowadzenia gospodarki rolnej w oparciu o żyzne tereny, a w tym specjalizowali się cystersi. W staraniach o podniesienie efektywności produkcji docenili znaczenie wody, nie tylko intensyfikując gospodarkę stawową, ale także czyniąc z wody główną siłę napędową dla urządzeń mechanicznych: młynów, foluszy itp., a więc praktycznie stworzyli nowoczesny wiejski „przemysł” spożywczy, z gorzelnictwem, browarnictwem i solowarstwem włącznie. Współcześnie w krajobrazie pocysterskim, pomimo wielowiekowego, gospodarczego wykorzystywania walorów środowiskowych wciąż jeszcze możemy odnajdywać właściwie funkcjonujące systemy przyrodnicze oraz ślady kompleksowo zagospodarowanych układów wodnych. Zakon poprzez rozwiązania stosowane w swoich dobrach na terenie całej Europy, nie tylko na poziomie gospodarczym i społecznym, ale także ekologicznym, w bardzo charakterystyczny i istotny sposób dokonał przebudowy krajobrazu, znacznie go wzbogacając

Transformation of franciscans monastic gardens in Kazimierz Dolny

1628 saw the arrival of Franciscans who built a monastery, and created gardens on the remaining part of the land which was given to them. The once historical garden layout underwent strong changes, both on the functional and compositional level. It was mainly the result of the January Uprising which brought about the dissolution of the monastery and changes in the function of the whole complex. In 1928 Franciscans came back to Kazimierz, however, they did not reconstruct the gardens. The reason for this decision might be seen in the shift in the monastery activities, which now had to adapt to the needs of the new society. 20th-century Franciscans started to add new functions to the existing space, according to the current needs. In consequence, there are now only fragments left of the garden composition which still existed in the 19th century

The garden complex of villa Rosea in Nałęczów - former elite prestige and contemporary functions

Villa Rosea – previously known as the Villa of Nagórscy – situated at Lipowa Street in Nałęczów, was designed by Adam Nagórski and Michał Górski and built at the end of the 19th century. In its heyday  it was at the centre of the vibrant cultural life of Nałęczów. However, during the German occupation as well as due to unlawful confiscation by the communist government it gradually fell into decay. In 2006 the villa was bought by Stanisław and Barbara Burzyńscy, carefully renovated and renamed Villa Rosea. In order to bring back its former splendour and to adapt the building so as to suit its new hotel function, an attempt was made to renew the old garden complex with an area of 1 ha which surrounds the villa. This article is devoted to the question of adapting the plant composition design to the new function of the building while taking into account its historical importance

New opportunities of financing revitalisation of historical garden compositions in the light of their conservation

The 21st century has brought new opportunities for revitalization projects in Poland (including those related to historical parks and gardens) under the framework of EU subsidies. Greenery compositions, often significantly damaged and with poorly preserved historical structure, have gained a chance to survive and be properly managed. However, the problem is that design and construction works are often conducted in haste, and adapted to the specific requirements of EU projects, often resulting in the unification of adopted solutions and incongruence with historical structures (e.g. “Orlik” sports fields or “Radosna szkoła” playgrounds, where even the colour scheme is imposed by the project), which obviously causes irreparable damage. The authors wish to present the above mentioned problems illustrated with an example of the revalorisation process of a park in Chociw, one of the valuable manor-park complexes in the Łódź Province. They present both positive and negative influence which financial support might have on a venture of this kind

The Stability of park composition

Abstract: The stability of park composition. The research dealt with 85 antique garden layouts in the Piotrkowska Region. The aim of this work is an examination of a dependence of permanence in a park composition with reference to ownership form which it covers. As a research hypothesis it has been assumed that the continuity of a park ownership form infl uences the park function while it decides about the permanence of layout composition. In the work methods of historical analysis were applied as well as methods of formal and spatial analysis. Among the examined garden layouts 74 objects were broken out and changed their function but only 7 retained continuity of ownership. Having analyzed the grade of composition retention three groups of objects are selected: parks with retained axis composition -29 objects that is about 34% of all examined layouts, parks with traces of historical composition -17 objects that is 20% and parks without retained historical composition -39 layouts which equals nearly 46%. Having conducted the analysis of the park areas it can be stated that none of the objects has intact boundaries. The results of the conducted research explicitly indicate that there is a close connection between retaining territory ownership covered by the object and its function as well as its composition

Problem zanieczyszczenia rzeki Pichny w kontekście rewaloryzacji parku miejskiego w Zduńskiej Woli

Zabytkowy park miejski położony w Zduńskiej Woli, objęty jest w części centralnej i północnej ochroną konserwatorską na podstawie zapisu w miejscowym planie zagospodarowania przestrzennego oraz poprzez wpis do ewidencji zabytków. Park charakteryzuje się urozmaiconą rzeźbą terenu, z czego najwyższy punkt znajduje się na północy i opada skarpami ku południu, w kierunku doliny rzeki Pichny, zasilającej dwa stawy parkowe w tym: większy z wyspą, będący zamknięciem osi kompozycyjnej, oraz mniejszy – będący pozostałością po dawnym zbiorniku wodnym przeciwpożarowym. Pod względem przyrodniczym teren posiada znaczące wartości z uwagi na starodrzew oraz opisany układ wodny. W ramach prac przygotowawczych do rewaloryzacji założenia parkowego, przeprowadzono szereg badań i analiz, w tym m.in. ocenę stanu sanitarnego wód Pichny, która zasila zbiorniki i przepływa przez park. Na tej podstawie okazało się, że stopień zanieczyszczenia (wśród przyczyn wymienić należy zrzut nieoczyszczanych wód z okolicznych ciągów komunikacyjnych) uniemożliwia rewaloryzację parku przy dalszym zasilaniu stawów wodami rzeki. W celu zapewnienia zadowalającego stopnia czystości i przejrzystości wody w obu stawach podjęto decyzję o zastosowaniu złożonych i nowoczesnych rozwiązań technologicznych, umożliwiających renowację układu wodnego. Przyjęte rozwiązania zyskały przychylność Wojewódzkiego Funduszu Ochrony Środowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej, który przyznał wysokie finansowanie i nagrodę w konkursie „Przyrodnicze perły województwa łódzkiego program rewitalizacji zabytkowych parków”

The adaptation of a hydroponic system in vertical gardens adapted to a Polish climate

Green areas in cities are gradually shrinking due to the civilization development. So-called ‘vertical gardens’ may become an alternative for flat areas of lawns or flower beds in densely built-up areas, providing air quality improvement, benefits for local microclimate and aesthetic value for human health and well-being. The establishment of a new construction for the vertical garden on a wall of an existing building needs a specific approach: the vertical garden construction should be stable, robust, lightweight and easy to assembly. In our work, we present the construction for vertical garden adjusted to hydroponic cultivation of ornamental herbaceous plants. The construction was established on both the southern and northern walls on a building in university in Lublin, Poland. During three consecutive years, the construction of a vertical garden, the hydroponic water-and-nutrient supplying system and the plants were monitored. The results showed that the applied construction and hydroponic system worked well and was resistant to climatic conditions throughout the year

The Eurasian Modern Pollen Database (EMPD), version 2

The Eurasian (née European) Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) was established in 2013 to provide a public database of high-quality modern pollen surface samples to help support studies of past climate, land cover, and land use using fossil pollen. The EMPD is part of, and complementary to, the European Pollen Database (EPD) which contains data on fossil pollen found in Late Quaternary sedimentary archives throughout the Eurasian region. The EPD is in turn part of the rapidly growing Neotoma database, which is now the primary home for global palaeoecological data. This paper describes version 2 of the EMPD in which the number of samples held in the database has been increased by 60 % from 4826 to 8134. Much of the improvement in data coverage has come from northern Asia, and the database has consequently been renamed the Eurasian Modern Pollen Database to reflect this geographical enlargement. The EMPD can be viewed online using a dedicated map-based viewer at https://empd2.github.io and downloaded in a variety of file formats at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.909130 (Chevalier et al., 2019)Swiss National Science Foundation | Ref. 200021_16959

The Eurasian Modern Pollen Database (EMPD), version 2

Abstract. The Eurasian (née European) Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) was established in 2013 to provide a public database of high-quality modern pollen surface samples to help support studies of past climate, land cover, and land use using fossil pollen. The EMPD is part of, and complementary to, the European Pollen Database (EPD) which contains data on fossil pollen found in Late Quaternary sedimentary archives throughout the Eurasian region. The EPD is in turn part of the rapidly growing Neotoma database, which is now the primary home for global palaeoecological data. This paper describes version 2 of the EMPD in which the number of samples held in the database has been increased by 60 % from 4826 to 8134. Much of the improvement in data coverage has come from northern Asia, and the database has consequently been renamed the Eurasian Modern Pollen Database to reflect this geographical enlargement. The EMPD can be viewed online using a dedicated map-based viewer at https://empd2.github.io and downloaded in a variety of file formats at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.909130 (Chevalier et al., 2019).</jats:p

The Cistercian landscape of silence

For ages the Cistercians demonstrated a very personalized approach to nature. No other monks have become such an inherent part of the natural environment understanding the laws of nature as the Cistercians did. No other monks used the nature powers to work for the congregation as eagerly as the Cistercians did. The Cistercian foundations are characterized by a perfect adaptation to the landscape not only in respect of functions and composition but also significance. In their charisma the Cistercians rejected superficial beauty, however they had a common belief that a beautiful landscape may “revive a dying spirit, soften a tough mind intact by piety”. The monks who voluntarily remained in seclusion and also the pilgrims visiting the monastery, the beauty of the world articulated by landscape was a testimony of the Creator’s love and was used as a stimuli encouraging spiritual reflections and even more zealous praying and working. One of the very important components of such holy spaces was a specific world of sounds. Isolated from the world by walls of an abbey, the space of claustrum was characterized by a piercing silence regularly broken by the prayers of the monks and at solemn moments by organ music and Gregorian choirs. The time of prayer was distinctly separated from the time of work when the cloister gardens and households were fulfilled with the noise of tools. One of the contemporary monks of St. Bernard of Clairvaux – the most eminent of the Cistercians, describes his native monastery in the following way: “During the day one hears the silence of the night, interrupted by hitting of an axe and singing of pious workers; the sight so touching that it is not possible to think or talk about trivial things”. An isolation from a bustling external world was extremely important for keeping the atmosphere of concentration and finding inner silence. Closing in the monastic silence was to seclude the monks from earthly matters, to make them sensitive to more spiritual perceiving of the world, opening them to the voice of God. The Benedictine ora et labora most briefly characterizes the type of sounds heard in the abbeys of white monks. A deeper entrance into the climate of such secluded places of spiritual experiencing the world can show how versatile and today much more scarce are those sounds and how important it is to protect the acoustic sphere of the sacral landscape