Pengalaman penjagaan ibu bapa tua oleh anak dewasa: satu kajian dalam kalangan penduduk Melayu bandar berpendapatan rendah

Tujuan utama artikel ini adalah untuk meninjau fenomena bagaimana seseorang penjaga (anak dewasa) mengahrungi pengalaman dan mengurus aktiviti harian dalam menjaga ibu bapa tua, keluarga dan kerjaya serta bagaimanakah mereka memenuhi tuntutan agama Islam dalam menjaga ibu bapa tua. Kajian kes berasaskan pendekatan fenomenologi telah dipilih sebagai pendekatan kajian. Informan adalah anak dewasa yang menjaga ibu bapa yang berumur lebih 60 tahun, berbangsa Melayu, dengan status sosioekonomi rendah serta tinggal di sekitar Bandar Raya Kuala Lumpur selain mempunyai keluarga sendiri. Hasil kajian menunjukkan terdapat dua pengalaman utama dalam kalangan anak dewasa yang menjaga ibu bapa tua, iaitu pra pengalaman dan pengalaman sebenar. Dalam melalui pengalaman penjagaan ini, informan memikul tanggungjawab penjagaan (membalas budi, dedikasi, komited, bertolak ansur dan berkongsi masalah); pengetahuan logikal (muhasabah diri dan timbal balik) dan kerana bantuan tangible (bantuan kewangan dan hubungan dengan anak perempuan) dan bukan tangible (mengemas rumah, memasak dan menjaga perasaan ibu bapa tua). Artikel ini merumuskan bahawa seorang anak dewasa yang ingin menjaga ibu bapa tua perlu bermula dengan bertawakal (memperhitungkan kekuatan dan kemampuan seseorang individu terlebih dahulu sebelum mengerjakan sesuatu perkara) dan berakhir dengan tabah hati, sabar dan redha mengarungi masalah dan cabaran dalam menjaga ibu bapa mereka

Relationship between the individual facets of job, job satisfaction and organisational commitment

Numerous studies have documented positive relationships between overall job satisfaction and organisational commitment. Some research has, however, focused on the individual facets of job that constitute the overall job satisfaction. The study's design involved a survey of workers in a variety of electrical and electronic industries in the Klang Valley in Malaysia. The responses of a total sample of 426 operators were submitted to a series of Pearson Product Moment Correlation and multiple regression analysis in order to test the hypotheses. As hypothesized the results provided evidence to support that satisfaction with the individual facets or dimensions of job satisfaction (Herzberg's Job satisfaction model) were all positively related to organisational commitment. Multiple regression analysis supported the hypothesised relationships between five variables in Herzberg's model and organisational commitment. Overall, both the intrinsic (motivational) factors and the extrinsic (hygiene) factors of Herzberg's model were found to have relevance and practical implications for predicting organisational commitment

Religious education and training in developing future human resource professionals : views from experts and teachers

The development of human capital focuses not only on acquiring technology and economic knowledge but also focuses on acquiring spiritual, social and political knowledge. Human capital development (HCD) processes relate closely to education and training. An individual who is exposed with technology and economic knowledge infused or integrated with religious education and training would be able to function productively, ethically, able to provide justice and tolerant to diversity of needs, problems and challenges facing a society and/or organization in a borderless competitive markets. The role of Islamic education and training is complementary in developing all-round professionals who are able to balance the demands and challenges of technology, economy, spirituality and quality of life in a developed nation. The main purpose of this study was to explore Islamic religious experts and excellent Islamic teachers’ views on developing future human resource professionals. A qualitative design was employed to explore themes related to the focus of the study among Islamic experts and excellent Islamic teachers. Participants of the study comprised eight (8) Islamic religious experts and 12 excellent Islamic teachers. In-depth interviews with the participants were conducted to gather the data. The findings indicated that Islamic religious experts and excellent Islamic teachers viewed the process and practices of HRD would be greatly strengthened through understanding and application of the contents of the al-Quran and Hadiths and able to apply and practice Islamic concepts and ethics in carrying out HRD functions. Implications that can be drawn from the findings suggest that religious concepts and ethics should be integrated or infused in the pre-service curriculum to prepare for a “balanced” HRD professional. In-service training programs for HRD professionals, on the other hand, should also include religious concepts and ethics to fortify them with the foundations of integrity, professionalism and accountability

Kompetensi pembangunan sumberdaya manusia dan pemindahan teknologi dan kaitannya dengan prestasi kerja agen pendidikan pengembangan

This study was based on the iceberg model of Spencer and Spencer (1993) to show that only “visible” or “surface” competencies are used to measure extension agents’ competency and job performance. The competencies are human resource development (HRD) and transfer of technology (ToT) competencies. Through the survey method questionnaires were distributed 79 extension agents of an extension agency in Selangor. The survey was conducted in September 2008. The questionnaire was developed by the researcher using three components of the HRD competency and three components of ToT competency. The results of the study showed that job performance of the respondents as well as their HRD and ToT competencies were low to medium levels. However, the respondents indicated that the HRD and ToT competencies were important in their jobs to empower clients. Dissemination of agricultural technology information and decision-making competencies explained the 84.3 percent of the variance in job performance of extension agents, It is recommended that extension agents be equipped with knowledge and skills in HRD and ToT through regular training programmes so that they can effectively function at their job

Empowering of agricultural extensionists: a case study of frontline extensionists of one agricultural extension agency

The main purpose of the study is to determine the importance of job empowerment in extension work as well as to determine the level of knowledge and skill in agriculture, management of an enterprise and human resource development (HRD). The study employed a survey design using questionnaire developed by the researcher to measure the criterion and predictor variables. The findings indicated that about one-half (48%) of the respondents perceived that job empowerment was “not important” and “somewhat important” in their jobs. Similar findings with almost similar percentages were recorded for all the predictor variables. These findings clearly indicate that the lack of exposure and understanding among agricultural extensionists on the concept and practice of job empowerment, especially on how job empowerment would enhance the effectiveness of their extension work. Agricultural extensionists should be trained on the concept and practice of job empowerment focusing on the visible(technical and management knowledge) as well as the hidden(motives, traits, self-concept) aspects of individual competencies to develop superior performance

PERANAN WANITA MELAYU DALAM PROSES PENJAGAAN IBU BAPA TUA: DILEMA DAN CABARAN DALAM ERA GLOBALISASI (ROLES OF MALAY WOMEN IN THE PROCESS OF CARING FOR ELDERLY PARENTS: DILEMMA AND CHALLENGES IN THE ERA OF GLOBALISATION)

Peningkatan bilangan warga tua (60 tahun ke atas) di beberapa negara Asia Tenggara termasuk Malaysia dan Indonesia semakin membimbangkan. Kepadatan penduduk warga tua di Malaysia dijangka akan meningkat kepada 2.2 juta orang pada tahun 2020. Statistik juga menunjukkan bahawa kadar kelahiran terus menurun beberapa dekad kebelakangan ini. Statistik ini menghuraikan satu fenomena global berkaitan dengan anak dewasa yang menjaga ibu bapa tua mereka. Fenomena anak dewasa yang menggalas beban penjagaan (kerjaya, menjaga keluarga sendiri, dan menjaga ibu bapa tua) kurang dikaji dan diperbincangkan. Artikel ini meninjau pengalaman penjagaan yang dilalui oleh anak dewasa (wanita) yang menjaga warga tua dengan menggunakan teori peranan. Pengumpulan data telah dilaksanakan terhadap 8 orang responden menggunakan kaedah temu bual mendalam dan 399 orang responden menggunakan kaedah tinjauan. Hasil kajian daripada kedua-dua pendekatan menunjukkan bahawa wanita lebih banyak terlibat dalam penjagaan warga tua. Ibu bapa tua juga mengharapkan bantuan dan sokongan daripada anak perempuan. Fenomena ini boleh memberi implikasi kepada kerjaya wanita, keluarga dan pembangunan negara. Artikel ini merumuskan bahawa dalam era globalisasi, majikan perlu mengambil kira masa anjal di tempat kerja, peningkatan sistem sokongan formal dan informal bagi membantu wanita dalam mengharungi dilema dan cabaran penjagaan warga tua, anak, keluarga dan kerjaya wanita, di samping untuk mencapai masyarakat penyayang dan budaya ikram yang boleh dipupuk seiring dengan pembangunan negara maju.A drastic increase in the number of elderly people (above 60 years) in several countries in Southeast Asia including Malaysia and Indonesia has raised concerns. The numbers of elderly population in Malaysia are projected to grow to 2.2 million by the year 2020. Statistics also shows that the birth rate in Malaysia has been decreasing in the last few decades. Both these statistics describe a global phenomenon relating to the caring for elderly parents by adult children. Challenges faced by adult children who are taking care of their elderly parents (i.e., career, care of their own family, and care of elderly parents) have not been analysed or discussed widely. This article discusses the experience of adult children (daughters) who are taking care of their elderly parents by using role theory. The data collection was done using in-depth interview method on 8 respondents and the survey method on 399 respondents both of which were conducted by enumerators. The survey and in-depth interview results show that daughters are more involved in caring for their elderly parents. The elderly parents also expect help and support from their daughters more than from their sons. This phenomenon will have negative implications on women's career, family and nation development. This article concludes that employers should take into consideration more flexible hours, increase formal and informal support for the working women who are caring for their elderly parents and family in achieving our goal as a caring society in a developed nation

Religious education and training in developing future human resource professionals: views from experts and teachers

The main purpose of this study was to explore the views of Islamic religious experts and excellent Islamic teachers on the development of future human resource professionals. A qualitative design was employed to explore themes of this study among Islamic experts and excellent Islamic teachers. Participants of the study comprised 8 Islamic religious experts and 12 excellent Islamic teachers. In-depth interviews with the participants were conducted to gather the data. The findings indicated that Islamic religious experts and excellent Islamic teachers viewed, the process and practices of human resource development (HRD) would be greatly strengthened through understanding and application of the contents of the al-Quran and Hadiths. It would be able to apply and practice Islamic concepts and ethics in carrying out HRD functions. Implications that can be drawn from the findings suggest that religious concepts and ethics should be integrated or infused in the pre-service curriculum to prepare for a “balanced” HRD professional. On the other hand, in-service training programs for HRD professionals should also include religious concepts and ethics to fortify them with the foundations of integrity, professionalism and accountability

Keperluan sokongan emosional dalam kalangan anak dewasa yang menjaga warga tua

Peningkatan bilangan warga tua di Malaysia (60 tahun ke atas) akan mencapai jumlah 2.2 juta orang atau 9.5% menjelang 2020. Statistik juga menunjukkan bahawa kadar kelahiran semakin menurun beberapa dekad kebelakangan ini. Statistik ini menggambarkan satu dimensi baru berkaitan penjagaan warga tua dalam kalangan anak dewasa. Anak-anak dewasa pula, selain menghadapi bebanan untuk menyara keluarga sendiri, terpaksa menyara orang tua mereka yang kos kesihatan semakin hari semakin meningkat. Artikel ini meninjau aspek sokongan emosi dan timbal balik dalam hubungan anak dewasa (penjaga) dengan warga tua dengan menggunakan pendekatan teori pertukaran sosial.Kaedah survei digunakan dari bulan November 2008 hingga Januari 2009 untuk mengumpul data daripada 640 orang anak dewasa daripada etnik Melayu, Cina dan India. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan 65% anak dewasa bandar dan 59.7% anak dewasa luar bandar yang menjaga warga tua ialah anak dewasa perempuan yang majoritinya telah berkahwin dan mempunyai anak antara satu ke tiga orang.Majoriti responden luar bandar (92.8%) dan 43.1% responden bandar tinggal bersama warga tua yang dijaga mereka dan kerelaan untuk menjadi penjaga kepada warga tua merupakan pilihan mereka sendiri. Pasangan penjaga merupakan pemberi bantuan fizikal dan emosi utama dalam proses penjagaan warga tua