12,406 research outputs found
Three-dimensional non-LTE radiative transfer computation of the Ca 8542 infrared line from a radiation-MHD simulation
Interpretation of imagery of the solar chromosphere in the widely used
\CaIIIR infrared line is hampered by its complex, three-dimensional and non-LTE
formation. Forward modelling is required to aid understanding. We use a 3D
non-LTE radiative transfer code to compute synthetic \CaIIIR images from a
radiation-MHD simulation of the solar atmosphere spanning from the convection
zone to the corona. We compare the simulation with observations obtained with
the CRISP filter at the Swedish 1--m Solar Telescope. We find that the
simulation reproduces dark patches in the blue line wing caused by Doppler
shifts, brightenings in the line core caused by upward-propagating shocks and
thin dark elongated structures in the line core that form the interface between
upward and downward gas motion in the chromosphere. The synthetic line core is
narrower than the observed one, indicating that the sun exhibits both more
vigorous large-scale dynamics as well as small scale motions that are not
resolved within the simulation, presumably owing to a lack of spatial
resolution.Comment: accepted as ApJ lette
Destroyed quantum Hall effect in graphene with [0001] tilt grain boundaries
The reason why the half-integer quantum Hall effect (QHE) is suppressed in
graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is unclear. We propose that
it might be connected to extended defects in the material and present results
for the quantum Hall effect in graphene with [0001] tilt grain boundaries
connecting opposite sides of Hall bar devices. Such grain boundaries contain
5-7 ring complexes that host defect states that hybridize to form bands with
varying degree of metallicity depending on grain boundary defect density. In a
magnetic field, edge states on opposite sides of the Hall bar can be connected
by the defect states along the grain boundary. This destroys Hall resistance
quantization and leads to non-zero longitudinal resistance. Anderson disorder
can partly recover quantization, where current instead flows along returning
paths along the grain boundary depending on defect density in the grain
boundary and on disorder strength. Since grain sizes in graphene made by
chemical vapor deposition are usually small, this may help explain why the
quantum Hall effect is usually poorly developed in devices made of this
material.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
RADYN simulations of non-thermal and thermal models of Ellerman bombs
Ellerman bombs (EBs) are brightenings in the H line wings that are
believed to be caused by magnetic reconnection in the lower atmosphere. To
study the response and evolution of the chromospheric line profiles, we perform
radiative hydrodynamic simulations of EBs using both non-thermal and thermal
models. Overall, these models can generate line profiles that are similar to
observations. However, in non-thermal models we find dimming in the H
line wings and continuum when the heating begins, while for the thermal models
dimming occurs only in the H line core, and with a longer lifetime.
This difference in line profiles can be used to determine whether an EB is
dominated by non-thermal heating or thermal heating. In our simulations, if a
higher heating rate is applied, the H line will be unrealistically
strong, while there are still no clear UV burst signatures.Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Modeling of Covalent Bonding in Solids by Inversion of Cohesive Energy Curves
We provide a systematic test of empirical theories of covalent bonding in
solids using an exact procedure to invert ab initio cohesive energy curves. By
considering multiple structures of the same material, it is possible for the
first time to test competing angular functions, expose inconsistencies in the
basic assumption of a cluster expansion, and extract general features of
covalent bonding. We test our methods on silicon, and provide the direct
evidence that the Tersoff-type bond order formalism correctly describes
coordination dependence. For bond-bending forces, we obtain skewed angular
functions that favor small angles, unlike existing models. As a
proof-of-principle demonstration, we derive a Si interatomic potential which
exhibits comparable accuracy to existing models.Comment: 4 pages revtex (twocolumn, psfig), 3 figures. Title and some wording
(but no content) changed since original submission on 24 April 199
Parallel Mapper
The construction of Mapper has emerged in the last decade as a powerful and
effective topological data analysis tool that approximates and generalizes
other topological summaries, such as the Reeb graph, the contour tree, split,
and joint trees. In this paper, we study the parallel analysis of the
construction of Mapper. We give a provably correct parallel algorithm to
execute Mapper on multiple processors and discuss the performance results that
compare our approach to a reference sequential Mapper implementation. We report
the performance experiments that demonstrate the efficiency of our method
Non-equilibrium hydrogen ionization in 2D simulations of the solar atmosphere
The ionization of hydrogen in the solar chromosphere and transition region
does not obey LTE or instantaneous statistical equilibrium because the
timescale is long compared with important hydrodynamical timescales, especially
of magneto-acoustic shocks. We implement an algorithm to compute
non-equilibrium hydrogen ionization and its coupling into the MHD equations
within an existing radiation MHD code, and perform a two-dimensional simulation
of the solar atmosphere from the convection zone to the corona. Analysis of the
simulation results and comparison to a companion simulation assuming LTE shows
that: a) Non-equilibrium computation delivers much smaller variations of the
chromospheric hydrogen ionization than for LTE. The ionization is smaller
within shocks but subsequently remains high in the cool intershock phases. As a
result, the chromospheric temperature variations are much larger than for LTE
because in non-equilibrium, hydrogen ionization is a less effective internal
energy buffer. The actual shock temperatures are therefore higher and the
intershock temperatures lower. b) The chromospheric populations of the hydrogen
n = 2 level, which governs the opacity of Halpha, are coupled to the ion
populations. They are set by the high temperature in shocks and subsequently
remain high in the cool intershock phases. c) The temperature structure and the
hydrogen level populations differ much between the chromosphere above
photospheric magnetic elements and above quiet internetwork. d) The hydrogen n
= 2 population and column density are persistently high in dynamic fibrils,
suggesting that these obtain their visibility from being optically thick in
Halpha also at low temperature.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure
The Effects of Spatio-temporal Resolution on Deduced Spicule Properties
Spicules have been observed on the sun for more than a century, typically in
chromospheric lines such as H-alpha and Ca II H. Recent work has shown that
so-called 'type II' spicules may have a role in providing mass to the corona
and the solar wind. In chromospheric filtergrams these spicules are not seen to
fall back down, and they are shorter-lived and more dynamic than the spicules
that have been classically reported in ground-based observations. Observations
of type II spicules with Hinode show fundamentally different properties from
what was previously measured. In earlier work we showed that these dynamic type
II spicules are the most common type, a view that was not properly identified
by early observations.The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of
spatio-temporal resolution in the classical spicule measurements. Making use of
Hinode data degraded to match the observing conditions of older ground-based
studies, we measure the properties of spicules with a semi-automated algorithm.
These results are then compared to measurements using the original Hinode data.
We find that degrading the data has a significant effect on the measured
properties of spicules. Most importantly, the results from the degraded data
agree well with older studies (e.g. mean spicule duration more than 5 minutes,
and upward apparent velocities of about 25 km/s). These results illustrate how
the combination of spicule superposition, low spatial resolution and cadence
affect the measured properties of spicules, and that previous measurements can
be misleading.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. 5 pages, 3 figures. Movies of
figures 1 and 3 available via Data Conservanc
- …