Proyección de emisiones de contaminantes atmosféricos en España en el horizonte temporal 2020

El objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral es determinar las proyecciones de emisión de contaminantes en España en el horizonte temporal (2001-2020). Los contaminantes considerados son los contenidos en el Convenio de Ginebra y los incluidos en el Protocolo de Kioto. Los sectores a analizar se enmarcan dentro de la nomenclatura SNAP (Selected Nomenclature for Air Pollution) de la metodología CORINAIR. Mediante el desarrollo de las proyecciones de emisión se evalúan las medidas más eficaces para conseguir una reducción significativa de la contaminación atmosférica que permita el cumplimiento de los niveles de emisión exigidos por la Directiva de Techos Nacionales de Emisión y la ratificación del Protocolo de Kioto. Esta Tesis es novedosa e innovadora en cuanto que no se ha realizado trabajo semejante en el ámbito del Estado español ni en ningún otro país. Hasta el momento, los estudios han sido más específicos y en ningún caso se han aplicado herramientas estadísticas, políticas y socioeconómicas de forma integral. Por tanto, la metodología desarrollada en la Tesis sienta las bases para la proyección de emisiones atmosféricas mientras que los resultados obtenidos aportan un conocimiento sobre la posible evolución de las mismas en España dentro de los sectores estudiados. Esta herramienta permite analizar y evaluar de forma sistemática la situación futura de la contaminación atmosférica y el cumplimiento de la legislación vigente

Evaluación del impacto en el desarrollo humano de proyectos de usos energéticos de la biomasa: el caso de Nicaragua

La falta de acceso a fuentes modernas de energía es un lastre para el desarrollo económico y social de numerosas personas en el mundo. Actualmente se calcula que aproximadamente 1400 millones de personas (20% de la población mundial) carecen de acceso a electricidad y que 2700 millones de personas (40% de la población mundial) siguen cocinando a partir de usos tradicionales de la biomasa. Partiendo de esta base se ha realizado una investigación acerca de los usos energéticos de la biomasa en el medio rural en Nicaragua, en la cual se han evaluado una serie de proyectos de este tipo. Su objetivo fundamental fue profundizar en el conocimiento sobre las distintas tecnologías usadas en este campo y ofrecer información sistematizada que permita mejorar el desempeño de proyectos futuros. Para cada uno de los proyectos y como resultado principal de la investigación, se estableció su Impacto en el Desarrollo Humano y Sostenible con la aplicación de la Herramienta S&E (Fernández, L. et al, 2011). Los resultados obtenidos gracias a esta herramienta nos han permitido realizar comparaciones en cuanto al desempeño de cada proyecto en numerosos aspectos distintos y en especial sobre que modelos de intervención generan mayor impacto en el desarrollo

La responsabilidad social estratégica en la Universidad. Caso de estudio: Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ETSII-UPM) = Strategic Social Responsibility at University. Study Case: Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ETSII-UPM)

Implementation of strategic social responsibility at universities is still a challenged. Although there is a lot of initiatives to incorporate social responsibility in the main areas of university (teaching, research, management and community outreach), the holistic integration is far to be reached. This paper describes the initiative developed by a school of engineering for transmitting socially responsible culture through all the organization levels as the first step to the change towards the strategic management of sustainability

Comparison and Assessment of Two Emission inventories for the Madrid Region

Emission inventories are databases that aim to describe the polluting activities that occur across a certain geographic domain. According to the spatial scale, the availability of information will vary as well as the applied assumptions, which will strongly influence its quality, accuracy and representativeness. This study compared and contrasted two emission inventories describing the Greater Madrid Region (GMR) under an air quality simulation approach. The chosen inventories were the National Emissions Inventory (NEI) and the Regional Emissions Inventory of the Greater Madrid Region (REI). Both of them were used to feed air quality simulations with the CMAQ modelling system, and the results were compared with observations from the air quality monitoring network in the modelled domain. Through the application of statistical tools, the analysis of emissions at cell level and cell – expansion procedures, it was observed that the National Inventory showed better results for describing on – road traffic activities and agriculture, SNAP07 and SNAP10. The accurate description of activities, the good characterization of the vehicle fleet and the correct use of traffic emission factors were the main causes of such a good correlation. On the other hand, the Regional Inventory showed better descriptions for non – industrial combustion (SNAP02) and industrial activities (SNAP03). It incorporated realistic emission factors, a reasonable fuel mix and it drew upon local information sources to describe these activities, while NEI relied on surrogation and national datasets which leaded to a poorer representation. Off – road transportation (SNAP08) was similarly described by both inventories, while the rest of the SNAP activities showed a marginal contribution to the overall emissions

Life cycle assessment as a policy-support tool: the case of taxis in the city of Madrid

This paper examined the potentialities of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as instrument for policy-support. To this respect, the adoption of an initiative within the Madrid Air Quality Plan (AQP) 2011–2015 regarding the substitution of diesel taxis with hybrid, natural gas and LPG alternatives was studied. Four different scenarios were elaborated, a business-as-usual scenario (BAU), the scenario of the AQP, and two extreme-situation scenarios: all-diesel (ADI) and all-ecologic (AEC). Impacts were characterized according to the ILCD methodology, focusing especially on climate change (CC) and photochemical ozone formation (PO). SimaPro 7.3 was used as analysis and inventory-construction tool. The results indicate that the shift to ecologic alternatives reduced impacts, especially those related to CC and PO. For the complete life cycle, reductions of 13% (CC) and 25% (PO) were observed for AQP against BAU (CC:1365 GgCO2, PO:13336 MgNMVOC). Deeper reductions were observed for AEC (CC:34%, PO:59%), while ADI produced slight increases in impacts if against BAU. The analysis of the use-phase revealed that the central and highest speed zones of the city benefit from the adoption of AQP. This is especially evident in zone 7, with reductions of 16% in CC and 31% in PO respectively against BAU (CCzone1:3443 kgCO2/veh·km, POzone7:11.1 kgNMVOC/veh·km)

Advancements in the design and validation of an air pollution integrated assessment model for Spain

This paper describes the design and application of the Atmospheric Evaluation and Research Integrated model for Spain (AERIS). Currently, AERIS can provide concentration profiles of NO2, O3, SO2, NH3, PM, as a response to emission variations of relevant sectors in Spain. Results are calculated using transfer matrices based on an air quality modelling system (AQMS) composed by the WRF (meteorology), SMOKE (emissions) and CMAQ (atmospheric-chemical processes) models. The AERIS outputs were statistically tested against the conventional AQMS and observations, revealing a good agreement in both cases. At the moment, integrated assessment in AERIS focuses only on the link between emissions and concentrations. The quantification of deposition, impacts (health, ecosystems) and costs will be introduced in the future. In conclusion, the main asset of AERIS is its accuracy in predicting air quality outcomes for different scenarios through a simple yet robust modelling framework, avoiding complex programming and long computing times

Impacts on Emissions and Air Quality of alternative fuel mixes in Spain

Presentación de los principales resultados del análisis en emisiones y calidad del aire de distintas matrices energéticas en Españ

The human side of social technology for climate change mitigation and human development: the case of "efficient stoves" in Brazil

Carbon management has gradually gained attention within the overall environmental management and corporate social responsibility agendas. The clean development mechanism, from Kyoto Protocol, was envisioned as connecting carbon market and sustainable development objectives in developing countries. Previous research has shown that this potential is rarely being achieved. The paper explores how the incorporation of the human side into carbon management reinforces its contribution to generate human development in local communities and to improve the company's image. A case study of a Brazilian company is presented, with the results of the application of an analytical model that incorporates the human side and human development. The selected project is an "efficient stoves" programme. "Efficient stoves" are recognised in Brazil as social technologies. Results suggest that the fact that social technologies value the human side of the technology plays a key role when it comes to analysing the co-benefits of the project implementation

Methodology to quantify the effect of policies and measures in emission reductions from road transport

Atmospheric emissions from road transport have increased all around the world since 1990 more rapidly than from other pollution sources. Moreover, they contribute in more than 25% to total emissions, in the majority of European countries. This situation confirms the importance of road transport when complying with emission ceilings (e.g. Kyoto Protocol and National Emissions Ceilings Directive). The developed methodology illustrates the effect on transport emissions of the most influential variables and their relationships. Therefore, it would be a policy instrument to design emission reduction measures. Firstly, the influence of the main variables was studied: mileage or mobility (passengers or tonnes) per vehicle type (cars, buses, light duty vehicles, heavy duty vehicles, mopeds, and motorcycles); fuel used (diesel, petrol, biofuels, natural gas, and LPG); driving mode (urban, rural, and highway) and vehicle speed; technology used (Euro types, hybrid vehicles, and electric vehicles by power); vehicle characteristics (power, load factor, age, operational life, etc.). The second step consisted of defining several scenarios, changing the variables in order to analyze both the individual and combined effect of these on emissions (sensitivity analysis). These scenarios evaluate the effect of changes in the previous factors, according to realistic policies and measures (e.g. penetration of Euro 5 and 6, increase of biofuel use, scrapping systems, etc.) The third step included the development of an holistic model to estimate emissions which allows the quantification of the effect of both technical and non technical measures. The model is called EmiTRANS and it estimates the emissions in a flexible and coherent way. It contributes to incorporate scientific data on decision making process. Finally, this methodology has been successfully proven for the calculation of emission projections from road transport in Spain, up to 2020 under several scenarios

Quantification of the effect of both technical and non-technical measures from road transport on Spain's emissions projections

Atmospheric emissions from road transport have increased all around the world since 1990 more rapidly than from other pollution sources. Moreover, they contribute to more than 25% of total emissions in the majority of the European Countries. This situation confirms the importance of road transport when complying with emission ceilings (e.g. Kyoto Protocol and National Emissions Ceilings Directive). A methodology has been developed to evaluate the effect of transport measures on atmospheric emissions (EmiTRANS). Its application to Spain in the horizon of 2020 allows the quantification of the effect of several measures on emission reductions. This quantification was done through scenario development. Several scenarios were calculated considering technical measures (e.g. vehicle scrapping systems, higher penetration of hybrid and electric vehicles, fuel substitution, etc.) and non-technical measures (mileage reduction, implementation of Low Emission Zones and/or Congestion Charges in main cities, reduction of average speeds, logistical improvements that affects heavy duty vehicle load factors, etc.). The scenarios show the effect of each measure on NOx, SO2, CO, PM10, PM2.5, VOC, CO2 and CH4 emissions. The main conclusion is the necessity to combine both technical and non-technical measures to increase global effectiveness. In the analysis of specific pollutants, there is a great dispersion on reductions effect: technical measures are more effective to reduce air pollutants while non-technical measures are better options to reduce greenhouse effect gases (even though they also reduce air pollutants in a less efficient way)