Caesarean birth and adiposity parameters in 6- to 8-year-old urban Maya children from two cities of Yucatan, Mexico

Objectives The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between birth mode and fat mass index (FMI = fat mass [kg]/height [m]2), and z‐score values of waist circumference (WCZ) and sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds (SumSkfZ) in a sample of 256 6‐ to 8‐year‐old urban Maya children from the cities of Merida and Motul in Yucatan, Mexico. Methods From September 2011 to January 2014, we measured height, weight, waist circumference and skinfolds in children, and height and weight in their mothers. Body composition was estimated in both generations through bioelectrical impedance analysis. Data on children's birth mode and birth weight were obtained from birth certificates. A pre‐validated questionnaire for mothers was used regarding household living conditions. Multiple regression models were used to analyze the association between birth mode and adiposity parameters, adjusting for the effect of place of residence, household crowding index, children's birth weight, and maternal fat mass. Separate regression models were run for boys and girls. Results Caesarean‐born children comprised 43% of the entire sample. Caesarean section (CS) was found to be associated with higher values of body adiposity in girls, but not in boys. Specifically, our models predicted that girls born by CS had an increased value of 0.817 kg/m2 in FMI and showed higher SDs values for WCZ and SumskfZ (0.29 and 0.32 SD, respectively) than girls who were delivered vaginally. Discussion Our results support the hypothesis that CS is associated with increased levels of adiposity in childhood, but only in girls

Additional file 2: Table S2. of The reporting and diagnosis of uterine fibroids in the UK: an observational study

Age distribution of women in the study cohort. This table presents the age distribution of the 737,638 women in the study cohort. Women are grouped into eight age categories (15–19, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35–39, 40–44, 45–49 and 50–54). (DOC 28 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of The reporting and diagnosis of uterine fibroids in the UK: an observational study

Read codes indicative of uterine fibroids. This table presents a complete list of the Read codes used to identify potential cases of uterine fibroids in THIN database. The list of Read codes includes specific codes for uterine fibroids, codes for hysterectomy and uterus preserving procedures, as well as codes for heavy menstrual bleeding. (DOCX 18 kb

Ungulate Vehicle Collisions in a Peri-Urban Environment: Consequences of Transportation Infrastructures Planned Assuming the Absence of Ungulates

<div><p>Ungulate vehicle collisions (UVC) provoke serious damage, including human casualties, and a large number of measures have been developed around the world to avoid collisions. We analyse the main factors involved in UVC in a road network built in the absence of ungulates, where mitigation structures to avoid UVC were not adequately considered. Ungulate population greatly increased during the last two decades and now Roe Deer and Wild Boars are widely distributed over the study area, but even after this increase, the road network was not adapted to avoid UVC. A total of 235 Roe Deer (RDVC) and 153 Wild Boar vehicle collisions (WBVC) were recorded between January 2008 and December 2011. We randomly selected 289 sample points (87 RDVC, 60 WBVC and 142 controls) separated by at least 500 metres from the next closest point and measured 19 variables that could potentially influence the vehicle collisions. We detected variations in the frequency of RDVC on a monthly basis, and WBVC was higher at weekends but no significant differences were detected on a monthly basis. UVC were more likely to occur at locations where sinuosity of the road, velocity, surface of shrub and deciduous forest area were greater, the presence of fences entered with positive relationship and distance to the nearest building was less. RDVC were more likely to occur at locations where timber forest area increased and distance to the nearest building decreased and WBVC was related to open fields cover and also to the presence of fences. Sinuosity and velocity entered in both cases as significant factors. Major roads, in which the traffic volume is greater and faster, caused more accidents with ungulates than secondary roads. Nowadays, the high frequency of ungulate road-kills deserves a new strategy in order to adapt infrastructure and adopt mitigation measures.</p></div

Mean traffic volume.

<p>Mean values of traffic volume (TRAF, vehicles/day) for non-collision control sites, Roe Deer vehicle collisions (RDVC) and Wild Boar vehicle collisions (WBVC) of the resample (1000 times) after Monte Carlo simulations.</p

Poor fencing detected in the highways of the study area.

<p>Examples include: openings in fences (a), stretches inadequately buried into the ground (b) and damaged stretches in which agile ungulates may jump over the fence (c).</p

Coefficients of the three most parsimonious GLM models describing the influence of environmental and road traffic factors on the probability of ungulate vehicle collisions (UVC), Roe Deer vehicle collisions (RDVC) and Wild Boar vehicle collisions (WBVC) on the roads of the study area between 2008–2011.

<p>Coefficients of the three most parsimonious GLM models describing the influence of environmental and road traffic factors on the probability of ungulate vehicle collisions (UVC), Roe Deer vehicle collisions (RDVC) and Wild Boar vehicle collisions (WBVC) on the roads of the study area between 2008–2011.</p

Environmental parameters, measured within 500-m radius buffers, surrounding ungulate vehicle collision (UVC) and control sites in the model.

<p>Environmental parameters, measured within 500-m radius buffers, surrounding ungulate vehicle collision (UVC) and control sites in the model.</p

Sampling point distribution.

<p>Map showing the distribution of the sample points randomly selected for the Generalized Lineal Model (GLM) analysis: 87 Roe Deer vehicle collisions (RDVC, red dots), 60 Wild Boar vehicle collisions (WBVC, blue dots) and 142 non-accident control points (white dots) on the roads and highways in the study area, Bizkaia, Northern Iberian Peninsula, between 2008 and 2011.</p

Number of cases of control sites, ungulate vehicle collisions (UVC), Roe Deer vehicle collisions (RDVC) and Wild Boar vehicle collisions (WBVC) depending on the absence or presence of fences and the statistical value of the Chi square test.

<p>Number of cases of control sites, ungulate vehicle collisions (UVC), Roe Deer vehicle collisions (RDVC) and Wild Boar vehicle collisions (WBVC) depending on the absence or presence of fences and the statistical value of the Chi square test.</p