Anaerobic acidogenic fermentation of food waste for mixed-acid production

<p>In this study, three batch tests were conducted to investigate the effect of total solids loading, substrate to inoculum ratio, and fermentation temperatures on mixed-acids (total volatile fatty acids, TVFA) production from food waste (FW). Results showed that adding anaerobic inoculum could largely increase the extent of acidification of FW. Temperature could significantly influence the mixed-acids yield. Increasing S/I (substrate to inoculum ratio (on volatile solid basis)) ratio from 3 to 9 resulted in lower TVFA yields. The highest TVFA production with a concentration of 18.4 g/L (as acetic acid) was found at 6.0% TS (total solid) loading, 3 S/I ratio, and 37°C.</p

Theoretical explorations about solvent polarity associated excited state proton transfer behaviour for 2-benzoxazol-2-yl-6-triethylsilanylethynyl-phenol fluorophore

As is known, novel organic molecules with amazing characteristics of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) have become a hot and fascinating topic. Herein, our main attention is to investigate the dynamic behaviour of 2-benzoxazol-2-yl-6-triethylsilanylethynyl-phenol (BYTP), an intriguing derivative derived from 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole (HBO). Dependent on examining four different aprotic solvents with varying levels of polarity, we can confirm without a doubt that solvent polarity has a big impact on the way hydrogen bonding interactions, redistribution as well as reorganisation of charge, and associated ESIPT phenomena occur when light is involved. After carefully comparing and accurately measuring reaction barriers in different solvent environments, our groundbreaking findings strongly suggest that highly polar solvents are good at helping the ESIPT reaction for BYTP fluorophore happen. We really hope that this study can give us some insight into how BYTP behaves when it's excited and influenced by solvent polarity, while also opens up possibilities for future research and applications involving other new HBO derivatives.</p

Theoretical exploring effects of solvent polarity and atomic electronegativity on excited state behaviour for BY4TP fluorophore

As widely acknowledged, the realm of novel organic molecules boasting extraordinary attributes pertaining to excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) has emerged as a captivating subject matter. In this context, our primary focus lies in delving into the excited-state behaviour exhibited by 2-benzoxazol-2-yl-4-triethylsilanylethynyl-phenol (BY4TP), an alluring derivative derived from 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole (HBO). Relying on the examination of four distinct aprotic solvents with varying degrees of polarities, we can unequivocally affirm that solvent polarity exerts a profound influence on the intricate interplay of hydrogen bonding interactions, charge redistribution and reorganisation, as well as associated ESIPT phenomena by light. Through meticulous comparison and precise measurement of reaction barriers across diverse solvent environments, our groundbreaking findings indicate that lowly polar solvents serve as efficacious facilitators for promoting the occurrence of the ESIPT reaction in BY4TP fluorophore. By considering atomic-electronegativity-regulated hydrogen bonding effects and excited state behaviours for BY4TP-S and BY4TP-Se, we also present low atomic electronegativity with Se substation promotes ESIPT reaction. We ardently anticipate that this study will provide invaluable insights into the behaviour exhibited by BY4TP upon excitation and under the influence of solvent polarity and atomic electronegativity, while simultaneously paving new avenues for future research endeavours and applications encompassing novel HBO derivatives.</p

Hybridization patterns of different pathogens.

<p>(a) <i>N</i>. <i>gonorrhoeae</i>, (b) <i>Ureaplasma</i>, (c) <i>M</i>. <i>hominis</i>, (d) <i>C</i>. <i>trachomatis</i>, (e) HSV type 1, (f) HSV type 2, (g) HPV type 6, (h) HPV type 11, (i) HPV type 16, (j) HPV type 18, (k) HPV type 31, (l) HPV type 35, (m) HPV type 39, (n) HPV type 54, (o) HPV type 58, (p) <i>M</i>. <i>genitalium</i>, and (q) HPV type 33.</p

Probe positions on the microarray.

<p>OA-1993, the positive control probe based on the 16S rRNA gene. WL-4006, the negative control probe. Cy3, the positional reference and printing control probe. Blank, 50%DMSO. The rest are the specific probes for the target strains.</p

Strains used in this study.

<p>^a, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), USA.</p><p>^b, Clinic isolate.</p><p>^c, Plasmid or genome.</p><p>^d, Microbe Test Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, China.</p><p>^e, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science (IMVS), Australia.</p><p>^f, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.</p><p>^g, Institute of Food Fermentation industry, Ministry of Light Industry, China.</p><p>^h, Czech Collection of Microorganisms (CCM), Czech Republic.</p><p>ⁱ, National Center for Medical Culture Collection (CMCC), China.</p><p>^j, National Center for Veterinary Culture Collection (CVCC), China.</p><p>^k, Culture Collection, University of Goteborg, Sweden.</p><p>Strains used in this study.</p

Oligonucleotide probes used in this study.

a<p>Tm was predicted using Primer Premier 5.0 software.</p>b<p>The 16S rDNA based probe was used as the positive control.</p>c<p>The probe containing 40 poly(T) oligonucleotides was used as the negative control.</p>d<p>The probe labeled by 3′-Cy3 was used as the positional reference and printing control.</p><p>Oligonucleotide probes used in this study.</p

Bacterial strains used in this study.

a<p>Czech Collection of Microorganisms (CCM), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.</p>b<p>National Collection of Type Cultures (NCTC), Central Public Health Laboratory, London, United Kingdom.</p>c<p>American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), USA.</p>d<p>German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), Germany.</p>e<p>Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IMCAS).</p>f<p>National Center for Medical Culture Collections (CMCC), Beijing, China.</p>g<p>Universityät zu Köln, Deutschland, Gernamy.</p>h<p>Agricultural Culture Collection of China (ACCC), Beijing, China.</p>i<p>University of Lodz, Poland.</p>j<p>Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention.</p>k<p>Shenzhen NanShan Center for Disease Control and Prevention.</p><p>Bacterial strains used in this study.</p

Unrooted phylogenetic trees constructed by the neighbor-joining method based on the ITS-tRNA^Ala and ITS-tRNA^Ile genes.

<p>Bootstrap values were based on 1,000 replications and only values greater than 50% are shown. A, Unrooted ITS-tRNA^Ala gene phylogenetic tree of <i>Legionella</i> spp. and subspp. constructed with the neighbor-joining method. B, Unrooted ITS-tRNA^Ile gene phylogenetic tree of <i>Legionella</i> spp. and subspp. constructed with the neighbor-joining method.</p

A New Oligonucleotide Microarray for Detection of Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic <i>Legionella</i> spp.

<div><p><i>Legionella pneumophila</i> has been recognized as the major cause of legionellosis since the discovery of the deadly disease. <i>Legionella</i> spp. other than <i>L. pneumophila</i> were later found to be responsible to many non-pneumophila infections. The non-<i>L. pneumophila</i> infections are likely under-detected because of a lack of effective diagnosis. In this report, we have sequenced the 16S-23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of 10 <i>Legionella</i> species and subspecies, including <i>L. anisa</i>, <i>L. bozemanii</i>, <i>L. dumoffii</i>, <i>L. fairfieldensis</i>, <i>L. gormanii</i>, <i>L. jordanis</i>, <i>L. maceachernii</i>, <i>L. micdadei</i>, <i>L. pneumophila</i> subspp. <i>fraseri</i> and <i>L. pneumophila</i> subspp. <i>pasculleii</i>, and developed a rapid oligonucleotide microarray detection technique accordingly to identify 12 most common <i>Legionella</i> spp., which consist of 11 pathogenic species of <i>L. anisa</i>, <i>L. bozemanii</i>, <i>L. dumoffii</i>, <i>L. gormanii</i>, <i>L. jordanis</i>, <i>L. longbeachae</i>, <i>L. maceachernii</i>, <i>L. micdadei</i>, and <i>L. pneumophila</i> (including subspp. <i>pneumophila</i>, subspp. <i>fraseri</i>, and subspp. <i>pasculleii</i>) and one non-pathogenic species, <i>L. fairfieldensis</i>. Twenty-nine probes that reproducibly detected multiple <i>Legionella</i> species with high specificity were included in the array. A total of 52 strains, including 30 target pathogens and 22 non-target bacteria, were used to verify the oligonucleotide microarray assay. The sensitivity of the detection was at 1.0 ng with genomic DNA or 13 CFU/100 mL with <i>Legionella</i> cultures. The microarray detected seven samples of air conditioner-condensed water with 100% accuracy, validating the technique as a promising method for applications in basic microbiology, clinical diagnosis, food safety, and epidemiological surveillance. The phylogenetic study based on the ITS has also revealed that the non-pathogenic <i>L. fairfieldensis</i> is the closest to <i>L. pneumophila</i> than the nine other pathogenic <i>Legionella</i> spp.</p></div