sj-docx-1-whe-10.1177_17455057221126807 – Supplemental material for Complementary therapies in substance use recovery with pregnant women and girls

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-whe-10.1177_17455057221126807 for Complementary therapies in substance use recovery with pregnant women and girls by Katherine Flannigan, Bryce Odell, Imad Rizvi, Lisa Murphy and Jacqueline Pei in Women’s Health</p

Factors associated with suicide in people who use drugs: a scoping review

Background: Suicide is a significant contributor to global mortality. People who use drugs (PWUD) are at increased risk of death by suicide relative to the general population, but there is a lack of information on associated candidate factors for suicide in this group. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of existing evidence on potential factors for death by suicide in PWUD. Methods: A scoping review was conducted according to the Arksey and O'Malley framework. Articles were identified using Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SOCIndex, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the Campbell Collaboration Database of Systematic Reviews; supplemented by grey literature, technical reports, and consultation with experts. No limitations were placed on study design. Publications in English from January 2000 to December 2021 were included. Two reviewers independently screened full-text publications for inclusion. Extracted data were collated using tables and accompanying narrative descriptive summaries. The review was reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Results: The initial search identified 12,389 individual publications, of which 53 met the inclusion criteria. The majority (87%) of included publications were primary research, with an uncontrolled, retrospective study design. The most common data sources were drug treatment databases or national death indexes. Eleven potential factors associated with death by suicide among PWUD were identified: sex; mental health conditions; periods of heightened vulnerability; age profile; use of stimulants, cannabis, or new psychoactive substances; specific medical conditions; lack of dual diagnosis service provision; homelessness; incarceration; intravenous drug use; and race or ethnicity. Opioids, followed by cannabis and stimulant drugs were the most prevalent drugs of use in PWUD who died by suicide. A large proportion of evidence was related to opioid use; therefore, more primary research on suicide and explicit risk factors is required. Conclusions: The majority of studies exploring factors associated with death by suicide among PWUD involved descriptive epidemiological data, with limited in-depth analyses of explicit risk factors. To prevent suicide in PWUD, it is important to consider potential risk factors and type of drug use, and to tailor policies and practices accordingly.</p

Network of immune components considered in the <i>B. bronchiseptica-T. retortaeformis</i> co-infection.

<p>Bi-directional black arrows indicate the influence of components from one network on the common cytokine pool and vice a versa.</p

Network of immune components considered in single <i>T. retortaeformis</i> infection.

<p>Grey nodes have been quantified in the single laboratory experiment. Abbreviations: <b>IS</b>: Larvae; <b>AD</b>: Adult; <b>IL4II</b>: Interleukin 4 in the systemic compartment; <b>NE</b>: Recruited neutrophils; <b>IgA</b>: Antibody A; <b>IL4I</b>: Interleukin 4 in the small intestine; <b>Th2II</b>: Th2 cells in the systemic compartment; <b>Th2I</b>: Th2 cells in the small intestine; <b>IgG</b>: Antibody G; <b>IgE</b>: Antibody E; <b>IL10I</b>: Interleukin 10 in the small intestine; <b>IFNγI</b>: Interferon gamma in the small intestine; <b>IL12II</b>: Interleukin 12 in the systemic compartment; <b>BC</b>: B cells; <b>DCII</b>: Dendritic cells in the systemic compartment; <b>DCI</b>: Dendritic cells in the small intestine; <b>Th1I</b>: T helper cells subtype I in the small intestine; <b>PIC</b>: Pro-inflammatory cytokines; <b>Th1II</b>: T helper cells subtype I in systemic compartment <b>EC</b>: Epithelial cells the small intestine; <b>T0</b>: Naïve T cells; <b>EL2</b>: recruited eosinophils; <b>EL</b>: resident eosinophils; <b>IL13</b>: Interleukin 13; <b>IL5</b>: Interleukin 5. Additional details in <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002345#pcbi-1002345-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>.</p

Summary of <i>B. bronchiseptica</i> intensity and immune variables from the experimental co-infection.

<p>Mean±SE during the course of the infection (days or weeks post infection) are reported. <b>A</b>- Bacterial intensity in the respiratory tract. For comparison, empty black circles represent the bacterial intensity in the lungs from the single infection. <b>B</b>- Cytokines, IFNγ, IL4 and IL10 in the lungs. <b>C</b>- Anti-bacterial IgA and IgG in serum. <b>D</b>- Peripheral neutrophils. For C and D, infected hosts: full circles, controls: empty circles.</p

Summary of linear mixed effect model (LME) between <i>B. bronchiseptica</i> abundance (CFU/g), as a response, and infection type (single or co-infection), day post infection (DPI) and organ (lung, trachea or nose) as independent variables.

<p>The random effect of the host identity code (ID) and the autocorrelation effect (AR-1) of sampling different organs for the same host are also reported.</p

Results of the simulations of the time course of the single <i>B. bronchiseptica</i> infection.

<p>Activity profiles (the probability of the node being in an ON state at a given time-step) are reported for: <b>A</b>- Bacterial colonies in the lungs. <b>B</b>- Cytokines, IFNγ, IL4 and IL10, in the lungs. <b>C</b>- Serum antibodies. <b>D</b>- Peripheral neutrophils.</p

Results of the simulations of the time course of <i>T. retortaeformis</i> infection from the co-infection.

<p>Activity profiles (the probability of the node being in an ON state at a given time-step) are reported for: <b>A</b>- Third stage infective larvae (L3) and adults. <b>B</b>- Cytokines, IFNγ, IL4 and IL10 in the duodenum. <b>C</b>- Mucus antibodies against adult helminths. <b>D</b>- Peripheral eosinophils and neutrophils. Note that the IFNγ concentration range is between 0–2 to describe additional non-immune mediated activation of that node by the tissue damage (details in the <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002345#s2" target="_blank">Results</a>).</p

Summary of <i>T. retortaeformis</i> intensity and immune variables from the experimental co-infection.

<p>Mean±SE during the course of the infection (days or weeks post infection) are reported. <b>A</b>- Helminth intensity in the small intestine sections, from the duodenum (SI-1) to the ileum (SI-4), respectively. The helminth development during the course of the infection is as follows: 4 days post infection (DPI) third stage infective larvae (L3), 7 DPI both L3 and fourth stage larvae (L4), from 14 DPI onwards adult stage only. For comparison, empty black circles represent the helminth intensity in the duodenum from the single infection. <b>B</b>- Expression of cytokines, IFNγ, IL4 and IL10 in the duodenum. <b>C</b>- Mucus antibody against adult helminths, IgA (C1) and IgG (C2), from the duodenum to the ileum. <b>D</b>- Peripheral eosinophils. For C and D, infected hosts: full circles, controls: empty circles.</p

Results of the simulations of the time course of the single <i>T. retortaeformis</i> infection.

<p>Activity profiles (the probability of the node being in an ON state at a given time-step) are reported for: <b>A</b>- Third stage infective larvae (L3) and adults. <b>B</b>- Cytokines, IFNγ, IL4 and IL10 in the duodenum. <b>C</b>- Mucus antibodies against helminth adult parasites. <b>D</b>- Peripheral eosinophils and neutrophils. Note that the IFNγ concentration range is between 0–2 to describe additional non-immune mediated activation of that node by the tissue damage (details in the <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002345#s2" target="_blank">Results</a>).</p