The Enigma of the Respiratory Chain Supercomplex

Respiratory chain dysfunction plays an important role in human disease and aging. It is now well established that the individual respiratory complexes can be organized into supercomplexes, and structures for these macromolecular assemblies, determined by electron cryo-microscopy, have been described recently. Nevertheless, the reason why supercomplexes exist remains an enigma. The widely held view that they enhance catalysis by channeling substrates is challenged by both structural and biophysical information. Here, we evaluate and discuss data and hypotheses on the structures, roles, and assembly of respiratory-chain supercomplexes and propose a future research agenda to address unanswered questions.N.G.L. receives support from the Max Planck Society, the Swedish Research Council (2015-00418), and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg foundation. J.H. and J.N.B. are supported by The Medical Research Council (U105663141 to J.H.)

Bivariate relationships between plant species richness and the diversity indices.

<p>abundance (a and b), species richness (c and d), Shannon evenness (e and f) and dominance (g and h) for herbivores (left panel) and carnivores (right panel). All response variables were standardized by removing the block effect, ie by substracting from each experimental unit (n = 80) the average value measured in the respective block. Abundance was log10-transformed and evenness logit-transformed. The lines show fitted regression lines from linear models, and solid lines indicate significant diversity effects (p <0.05). The <b>R</b>^<b>2</b> values were taken from the linear models. Diversity indices and the fitted regression lines from the models were back-transformed to the original scale.</p

SEM’s representing plant community effects on arthropod diversity indices.

<p>Effects of plant sown richness, total plant biomass and the presence/absence of the four plant functional groups on abundance (a and b), species richness (c and d), Shannon evenness (e and f) and dominance (g and h) for herbivores (left panels) and carnivores (right panels). The reported path coefficients are standardized, and colored paths are significant at the 0.05 level. Blue paths have a positive path coefficient, whereas red paths have a negative one. We report the p-value for the Chi-square test of the SEM’s along with the p-value for the root mean square error (RMSEA). R^<b>2</b> value for the diversity indices are given in the indices box.</p

Average variables values with standard deviation in parenthesis in plots for 2006 and 2013 where ants were absent or present.

<p>Average variables values with standard deviation in parenthesis in plots for 2006 and 2013 where ants were absent or present.</p