Folding Mechanism of an Extremely Thermostable (βα)₈-Barrel Enzyme: A High Kinetic Barrier Protects the Protein from Denaturation

HisF, the cyclase subunit of imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase (ImGPS) from <i>Thermotoga maritima</i>, is an extremely thermostable (βα)₈-barrel protein. We elucidated the unfolding and refolding mechanism of HisF. Its unfolding transition is reversible and adequately described by the two-state model, but 6 weeks is necessary to reach equilibrium (at 25 °C). During refolding, initially a burst-phase off-pathway intermediate is formed. The subsequent productive folding occurs in two kinetic phases with time constants of ∼3 and ∼20 s. They reflect a sequential process via an on-pathway intermediate, as revealed by stopped-flow double-mixing experiments. The final step leads to native HisF, which associates with the glutaminase subunit HisH to form the functional ImGPS complex. The conversion of the on-pathway intermediate to the native protein results in a 10⁶-fold increase of the time constant for unfolding from 89 ms to 35 h (at 4.0 M GdmCl) and thus establishes a high energy barrier to denaturation. We conclude that the extra stability of HisF is used for kinetic protection against unfolding. In its refolding mechanism, HisF resembles other (βα)₈-barrel proteins

Conservation of the Folding Mechanism between Designed Primordial (βα)₈-Barrel Proteins and Their Modern Descendant

The (βα)₈-barrel is among the most ancient, frequent, and versatile enzyme structures. It was proposed that modern (βα)₈-barrel proteins have evolved from an ancestral (βα)₄-half-barrel by gene duplication and fusion. We explored whether the mechanism of protein folding has remained conserved during this long-lasting evolutionary process. For this purpose, potential primordial (βα)₈-barrel proteins were constructed by the duplication of a (βα)₄ element of a modern (βα)₈-barrel protein, imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase (HisF), followed by the optimization of the initial construct. The symmetric variant Sym1 was less stable than HisF and its crystal structure showed disorder in the contact regions between the half-barrels. The next generation variant Sym2 was more stable than HisF, and the contact regions were well resolved. Remarkably, both artificial (βα)₈-barrels show the same refolding mechanism as HisF and other modern (βα)₈-barrel proteins. Early in folding, they all equilibrate rapidly with an off-pathway species. On the productive folding path, they form closely related intermediates and reach the folded state with almost identical rates. The high energy barrier that synchronizes folding is thus conserved. The strong differences in stability between these proteins develop only after this barrier and lead to major changes in the unfolding rates. We conclude that the refolding mechanism of (βα)₈-barrel proteins is robust. It evolved early and, apparently, has remained conserved upon the diversification of sequences and functions that have taken place within this large protein family

Evidence for the Existence of Elaborate Enzyme Complexes in the Paleoarchean Era

Due to the lack of macromolecular fossils, the enzymatic repertoire of extinct species has remained largely unknown to date. In an attempt to solve this problem, we have characterized a cyclase subunit (HisF) of the imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase (ImGP-S), which was reconstructed from the era of the last universal common ancestor of cellular organisms (LUCA). As observed for contemporary HisF proteins, the crystal structure of LUCA-HisF adopts the (βα)₈-barrel architecture, one of the most ancient folds. Moreover, LUCA-HisF (i) resembles extant HisF proteins with regard to internal 2-fold symmetry, active site residues, and a stabilizing salt bridge cluster, (ii) is thermostable and shows a folding mechanism similar to that of contemporary (βα)₈-barrel enzymes, (iii) displays high catalytic activity, and (iv) forms a stable and functional complex with the glutaminase subunit (HisH) of an extant ImGP-S. Furthermore, we show that LUCA-HisF binds to a reconstructed LUCA-HisH protein with high affinity. Our findings suggest that the evolution of highly efficient enzymes and enzyme complexes has already been completed in the LUCA era, which means that sophisticated catalytic concepts such as substrate channeling and allosteric communication existed already 3.5 billion years ago