New α-pyrone and phthalide from the Xylariaceae fungus

<div><p>A new α-pyrone xylaripyrone A (<b>1</b>) and a new phthalide xylariphthalide A (<b>2</b>) were isolated from the Xylariaceae fungus (no. 63-19-7-3), along with four related known phthalides (<b>3</b>–<b>6</b>): 4-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-7-methoxy-6-methyl-1(3<i>H</i>)-isobenzofuranone (<b>3</b>), convolvulol (<b>4</b>), 7-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-3<i>H</i>-isobenzofuran-1-one (<b>5</b>), and convolvulanic acid B (<b>6</b>). Their structures were determined on the basis of IR, MS, and NMR spectroscopic analyses.</p></div

New sesquiterpenoids from <i>Biscogniauxia</i> sp.

Five new sesquiterpenoids, including a campherenane-type (1), a bergamotane-type (2), a drimane-type (3), and two bisabolane-type (5-6) sesquiterpenoids have been isolated from Biscogniauxia sp. 71-10-1-1. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses, quantum chemical ECD calculations,13C chemical shifts calculations, and X-ray crystallography. This is the first report of campherenane-type and drimane-type sesquiterpenoids from Biscogniauxia. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory assays of all compounds are evaluated, and the results showed that compounds 3 and 7 exhibited the effects against the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α.</p

Dimericbiscognienyne A: A Meroterpenoid Dimer from <i>Biscogniauxia</i> sp. with New Skeleton and Its Activity

Dimericbiscognienyne A (<b>1</b>), an unusual diisoprenyl-cyclohexene-type meroterpenoid dimer, was isolated from <i>Biscogniauxia</i> sp. together with three new monomeric diisoprenyl-cyclohexene-type meroterpenoids (<b>2</b>–<b>4</b>) and one new isoprenyl-benzoic acid-type meroterpenoid (<b>5</b>). All structures were determined by extensive NMR spectroscopic methods, quantum chemical calculations, chemical derivatization, and X-ray crystallography. The formation of <b>1</b> is related to a unique intermolecular redox coupling Diels–Alder adduct reaction. Their cytotoxicities and short-term memory enhancement activities against Alzheimer’s disease were assessed

Dimericbiscognienyne A: A Meroterpenoid Dimer from <i>Biscogniauxia</i> sp. with New Skeleton and Its Activity

Dimericbiscognienyne A (<b>1</b>), an unusual diisoprenyl-cyclohexene-type meroterpenoid dimer, was isolated from <i>Biscogniauxia</i> sp. together with three new monomeric diisoprenyl-cyclohexene-type meroterpenoids (<b>2</b>–<b>4</b>) and one new isoprenyl-benzoic acid-type meroterpenoid (<b>5</b>). All structures were determined by extensive NMR spectroscopic methods, quantum chemical calculations, chemical derivatization, and X-ray crystallography. The formation of <b>1</b> is related to a unique intermolecular redox coupling Diels–Alder adduct reaction. Their cytotoxicities and short-term memory enhancement activities against Alzheimer’s disease were assessed

Pericoterpenoid A, a new bioactive cadinane-type sesquiterpene from <i>Periconia</i> sp.

<div><p>Pericoterpenoid A (<b>1</b>), a new cadinane-type sesquiterpene, was isolated from an endolichenic fungal strain <i>Periconia</i> sp. (No. 19-4-2-1). Its structure was characterized by analyzing the spectroscopic data (IR, MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR). The antimicrobial activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Aspergillus niger</i>, and <i>Candida albicans</i> was evaluated. Pericoterpenoid A showed moderate antimicrobial activity against <i>A. niger</i> and weak activity against <i>C. albicans</i>. This is the first report of the presence of cadinane-type sesquiterpene in <i>Periconia</i> sp.</p></div

Nodulisporipyrones A–D, new bioactive α-pyrone derivatives from <i>Nodulisporium</i> sp.

<div><p>Four new α-pyrone derivatives, nodulisporipyrones A–D (<b>1</b>–<b>4</b>), were isolated from the extract of an endolichenic fungal strain <i>Nodulisporium</i> sp. (65-12-7-1) that was fermented with rice. The structures of <b>1</b>–<b>4</b> were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configurations were determined by modified Mosher's method and electronic circular dichroism experiments. Their antimicrobial activities against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> 209P, <i>Escherichia coli</i> ATCC0111, <i>Aspergillus niger</i> R330, and <i>Candida albicans</i> FIM709 were evaluated using a paper disk diffusion method. Nodulisporipyrones A–D (<b>1</b>–<b>4</b>) are the first α-pyrone derivatives from <i>Nodulisporium</i> fungi.</p></div

Xanthoquinodins from the Endolichenic Fungal Strain <i>Chaetomium elatum</i>

Five new xanthoquinodins, A4–A6 (<b>1</b>–<b>3</b>), B4 (<b>4</b>), and B5 (<b>5</b>), were isolated from the crude extract of the endolichenic fungal strain <i>Chaetomium elatum</i> (No. 63-10-3-1), along with three known xanthoquinodins, A1–A3 (<b>6</b>–<b>8</b>). Their structures were determined by detailed spectroscopic analysis and comparison of the NMR data with those of the closely related compounds previously reported. The absolute configuration of <b>1</b> was established by X-ray crystallographic analysis and ECD calculation. The cytotoxic activity of all compounds was tested against HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, MCF-7, and SW480 human cancer cell lines

Abundance of common families and OTUs in soil and roots among the four treatments.

<p>A: Glomeraceae in soil (above X-axis) and roots (below X-axis); B: Gigasporaceae in soil (above X-axis) and roots (below X-axis); C: OTU25 in soil (above X-axis) and roots (below X-axis); D: OTU27 in soil (above X-axis) and roots (below X-axis). Bars without shared letters indicate significant differences at <i>P</i> < 0.05. Bars are standard deviations of the means (n = 4). Abbreviations: C, no-warming with no-grazing; W, warming with no-grazing; G, no-warming with grazing; WG, warming with grazing.</p

Common AM fungal OTUs (frequency > 18.7%) recovered from (A) soil and (B) roots.

<p>* indicates significant differences in the abundance of AM fungal OTUs between soil and roots according to the paired t-test at <i>P</i> < 0.05. Bars are standard deviation of the means (n = 16).</p

AM fungal OTU richness (A) in soil and (B) in roots among the four treatments.

<p>Bars without shared letters indicate significant difference at <i>P</i> < 0.05. Bars are standard deviations of the means (n = 4). Abbreviations: C, no-warming with no-grazing; W, warming with no-grazing; G, no-warming with grazing; WG, warming with grazing.</p