Biphenyls from aerial parts of Ribes takare

Three new biphenyls, 4,7,8-trimethoxy-2,3-methylenedioxydibenzofuran (1), 7-hydroxy-4,8dimethoxy-2,3-methylenedioxydibenzofuran (2), and 3',5-dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxybiphenyl (3), along with eighteen known compounds (4-21) were isolated from the aerial part of Ribes takare D. Don. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. Compound 1 and compound 2 showed mild alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. (C) 2013 Guo-You Li and Dong-Mei Fang. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved

First Assessment of NOx Sources at a Regional Background Site in North China Using Isotopic Analysis Linked with Modeling

important role in the formation of atmospheric particles. Thus, NOx emission reduction is critical for improving air quality, especially in severely air-polluted regions (e.g., North China). In this study, the source of NOx was investigated by the isotopic composition (delta N-15) of particulate nitrate (p-NO3-) at Beihuangcheng Island (BH), a regional background site in North China. It was found that the delta N-15-NO3- (n = 120) values varied between -1.7 parts per thousand and +24.0 parts per thousand and the delta O-18-NO3- values ranged from 49.4 parts per thousand to 103.9 parts per thousand. On the basis of the Bayesian mixing model, 27.78 +/- 8.89%, 36.53 +/- 6.66%, 22.01 +/- 6.92%, and 13.68 +/- 3.16% of annual NOx could be attributed to biomass burning, coal combustion, mobile sources, and biogenic soil emissions, respectively. Seasonally, the four sources were similar in spring and fall. Biogenic soil emissions were augmented in summer in association with the hot and rainy weather. Coal combustion increased significantly in winter with other sources showing an obvious decline. This study confirmed that isotope-modeling by delta N-15-NO3- is a promising tool for partitioning NOx sources and provides guidance to policymakers with regard to options for NOx reduction in North China

Occurrence of red clay horizon in soil profiles of the Yellow River Delta: Implications for accumulation of heavy metals

The source-area weathering and pedogenesis processes in the alluvial soil profiles might affect depth distribution of heavy metals. Red clay horizon (RCH) with a thickness of 5-50 cm in a 1 m soil profile has been found ubiquitously in the Yellow River Delta (YRD). The occurrence of this RCH was supposed to be related with the frequent shifting of the Yellow River tail channel in the Yellow River Delta (YRD). The geochemical features of the RCH were distinct from its upper or lower yellow silt horizon (YSH). The average median grain size of the RCH (10.5 pm) was almost three times lower than that of the YSH (29.9 mu m). Meanwhile, the RCH was characterized of higher chemical index of alteration (CIA), magnetic susceptibility (chi(lf)) and frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility (chi(fd)) values than the YSH, which implied a stronger source-area weathering and pedogenesis intensity of the RCH. Besides the distinctive characteristics of the RCH, it also accumulated significantly (p < 0.05) higher mean contents of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni and Co, and maximum content of Cd in the RCH than that in the YSH. The principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that distribution of the heavy metals in the YRD soil profiles was significantly related to the content of aluminosilicates, oxides, clay fraction, chi(lf) and chi(fd), however, such a correlation was not found except for Pb in the YSH. In addition, result of BCR sequential extraction indicated that a higher percentage of Fe-Mn oxides associated fraction was in the RCH than in the YSH for the heavy metals of Pb and Co. Cadmium was observed at higher percentage of exchangeable fraction in the RCH than in the YSH, implying a higher environmental risk of the Cd in the RCH. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Radionuclide therapy using I-131-labeled anti-epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted nanoparticles suppresses cancer cell growth caused by EGFR overexpression

Introduction Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted nanoparticles can be used to deliver a therapeutic and imaging agent to EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. I-131-labeled anti-EGFR nanoparticles derived from cetuximab were used as a tumor-targeting vehicle in radionuclide therapy

Occlusion Handling and Multi-scale Pedestrian Detection Based on Deep Learning: A Review

Pedestrian detection is an important branch of computer vision, and it has important applications in the fields of autonomous driving, artificial intelligence and video surveillance.With the rapid development of deep learning and the proposal of large-scale datasets, pedestrian detection has reached a new stage and achieves better performance. However, the performance of state-of-the-art methods is far behind the expectation, especially when occlusion and scale variance exist. Therefore, a lot of works focused on occlusion and scale variance have been proposed in the past few years. The purpose of this article is to make a detailed review of recent progress in pedestrian detection. Firstly, brief progress of pedestrian detection in the past two decades is summarized. Secondly, recent deep learning methods focusing on occlusion and scale variance are analyzed. Moreover, the popular datasets and evaluation methods for pedestrian detection are introduced. Finally, the development trend of pedestrian detection is prospected.Transport and Plannin

Integrated anaerobic and algal bioreactors: A promising conceptual alternative approach for conventional sewage treatment

Conventional sewage treatment applying activated sludge processes is energy-intensive and requires great financial input, hampering widespread implementation. The introduction of anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBR) followed by an algal reactor growing species of commercial interest, may present an alternative, contributing to the envisaged resource recovery at sewage treatment plants. AnMBRs can be applied for organic matter removal with energy self-sufficiency, provided that effective membrane fouling management is applied. Haematococcus pluvialis, an algal species with commercial value, can be selected for ammonium and phosphate removal. Theoretical analysis showed that good pollutant removal, positive financial output, as well as a significant reduction in the amount of hazardous activated sludge can be achieved by applying the proposed process, showing interesting advantages over current sewage treatment processes. Microbial contamination to H. pluvialis is a challenge, and technologies for preventing the contamination during continuous sewage treatment need to be applied.Sanitary Engineerin

明清時期永寧納西族的母系社會

歷史學系

水經注研究

[[abstract]]本文主旨，在探究水經注撰作之緣起，及歷代刊刻研究之梗概，並楬櫫酈注之學術價 值，俾知酈道元隨經抒述，掇籍宏鋪，豈曰水經之詁釋，實所以粉飾漏闕，銓次彊隅 ，乃相濟而為編者也。 全編論文約四十三萬字，分十章二十八節。 首章「緒論」，概述個人研究之動機，取材之範圍，撰述之方法，與章節順序之安排 等等。 第二章「酈道元傳略」，茲就生平事蹟與時代背景兩項，分別闡述，庶幾知人論世， 察文見意也。 第三章「水經注創作之緣起」，釐為四節，蓋凡作者抱負之抒發，山水文學之承衍 ，駢文麗辭之影響，山川地記之流行等等，皆為道元撰注之內因外緣也。 第四章「歷代水經注刊刻研究概說」，依時代先後，說明版本之傳承，開梓之情況， 及學者一己之所得，藉見歷代水經注研究之大凡焉。 第五章「水經注之寫景藝術」，分摹景方式、裁章技巧及修辭要例等三節，探索水經 注置辭屬采之道，以俾見道元為文，模山範水，惟妙惟肖，寫意傳神，精巧雋永，儒 雅雍容，萬流仰鏡，實為寫景文章之模範也。 第六章至第八章「水經注之評價」，依地學、經學、史學、子學與文學等等，闡述酈 注之學術價值，其重點在：古方輿學之鍵轄、地望釋名之祖庭、治經徵史之鴻寶、金 石碑銘之珍藪、語言研究之珠澤、經注義疏之翹楚、神話舊聞之薈萃、豈畫藝術之淵 海、歌謠諺語之集錦等等。 第九章「水經注之影響」，專就輿地學派與辭章學派言之，以尋繹水經注於後世之影 響。 第十章「結論」，綜言本文研究之成果，兼及今後酈學之展望也。

[[alternative]]Synthesis and Characterization of Group 6 (M= Cr, Mo) Carbonyl Chalcogenides Complexes

[[abstract]][1] Se-Cr system Reflux of Se powder or SeO2、SeO32- with Cr(CO)6、Et4NBr in KOH/MeOH solution yields the closo-cluster [Et4N]2[Se2Cr3(CO)10]. [S2Cr3(CO)10]2- also an be prepared in the similar conditions. Further methylation of [Se2Cr3(CO)10]2- with MeSO3CF3 produces the selenium-methylated complex [MeSe{Cr(CO)5}3]- and {MeSeCr(CO)4}2 . However, the reactions of [Se2Cr3(CO)10]2- with RX (R = C3H3, X = Cl, Br; R = CH3, X = I) form the known mononuclear compounds [XCr(CO)5]- (X = Cl, Br, I) Further, reaction of [Se2Cr3(CO)10]2- with Fe(CO)5/KOH gives [SeFe3(CO)9]2-, while treatment with Ru3(CO)12 produces the octahedral complexes [HSe2Ru4(m-CO)2(CO)8]- and [Se2Ru4(m-CO)4(CO)8]2-. Be- sides, [Se2Cr3(CO)10]2- can react with 1 equiv. of Mo(CO)6 in acetone to produce the mixed-metal Cr/Mo cluster [Se2MoCr2(CO)10]2-. On the other hand, reaction of [Se2Cr3(CO)10]2- with excess Mo(CO)6 leads to formation of [Se2Mo3(CO)10]2- in good yield. When [Se2Cr3(CO)10]2- was treated with Mn(CO)5Br in acetone at room temperature, two different types of the unusual mixed-metal clusters [Me2CSe2Cr2Mn(CO)14]- and [Se2Cr2Mn3- (CO)20]- were produced. [2] Te-Cr system The reaction of Te powder with Cr(CO)6/KOH in a molar ratio of 1:2 in methanol solution forms [HTe{Cr(CO)5}2]- , which can rapidly transform into a highly reactive species [Et4N]2[Te{Cr(CO)5}2] by the addition of Et4NBr . However, the mono-methylated complex [MeTe{Cr(CO)5}2]- can be obtained by using NaOH under the similar conditions, where the methyl group is likely to come from the methanol solvent. The reaction of [Te{Cr(CO)5}2]2- with MeSO3CF3 only affords the double-methylated complex Me2Te{Cr(CO)5}2 . [Te{Cr(CO)5}2]2- rapidly transforms to give [X{TeCr2(CO)10}2]2- (X = O, CH2) upon the attack of O2 and CH2Cl2. Besides, the reaction of [Te{Cr(CO)5}2]2- with Cu(CH3CN)4BF4 produces the known compound [Te2Cr4(CO)20]2- while treatment of [Te{Cr(CO)5}2]2- with NaOH/MeOH gives another known compound [Te2Cr4(CO)18]2-. When Te powder reacts with Cr(CO)6/KOH in a molar ratio of 1: 3 in methanol solution, the product is found to rapidly transform into a new complex [CH2ClTe{Cr(CO)5}3]- upon the addition of CH2Cl2. [3] Te-Mo system Reflux of Te powder and Mo(CO)6 in KOH/MeOH solution forms the tire-shaped cluster [Te8Mo6(CO)18]2-, which contains three Te2Mo2 planes linking by Te22- group. This product can be also obtained from the reaction of Te powder with [Te2Mo4(CO)18]2- in the basic alcoholic solution. When [Te2Mo4(CO)18]2- was treated with H2C=CHCH2Br, the double-substituted complex [(C3H5)2Te2Mo2(CO)6] was obtained where the Mo(CO)5 moiety of [Te2Mo4(CO)18]2- is replaced by the incoming C3H5 group. The study herein describes the similarities and differences among the reactions of group 6 (Cr, Mo) carbonyls with group 16 chalcogen atoms (S, Se, Te) and discusses as well the effect of basicity and metal size on cluster formation.

竹北和竹東地域發展的比較研究

[[abstract]]本文透過比較並闡釋竹北和竹東兩地從清代拓墾以迄現代的地域發展差異，探究在 不同時期的政府發展策略下，生產方式的變遷將如何與自然環境產生互動，以及「 地方核心」地位的賦予與兩地發展之關係，藉以找尋影響兩地發展的因素。全文的 討論結果如下: 在清代土地拓墾前期，由於竹北位於河口及土牛溝以西的位置，加上竹北幾乎全境 屬於平原地形、土壤肥沃、夏長冬短、降水豐沛、河川貫流全境、灌溉水利發達， 故土地開發較早，並且適合水稻農業發展，致使境內耕地的拓展與土地的水田化快 速，農業土地贍養力相對較高，整體的地域發展也較快; 反之，竹東位於山口及土 牛溝以東的位置，並且除了頭前溪南岸的陪地平原有較平坦的地形與較充足的灌溉 水源外，其餘約丘陵淺山因坡度較陡、土壤貧瘠、灌溉水源缺乏，故土地開發較遲 ，並且不適合水稻栽植，致使境內耕地的拓展與水田化甚為困難，相對的農業土地 贍養力低，整體的地域發展亦較慢，即使土地拓墾後期臺灣對外開港，茶和樟腦成 為出口大宗，竹東境內的丘陵淺山因產有樟腦且適合茶葉栽植，進而快速開發，但 因時間尚短，以致清末的地域發展仍然落後於竹北。 歸納上述討論，我們發現: 在不同發展階段，隨著政府發展策略的改變，生產方式 隨之變遷，導致影響竹北和竹東地域發展的因素各有不同，大致而言，早期兩地的 地域發展受到自然環境的影響顯著; 但隨著時代演變，地域發展明顯受到政府發展 策略的主導與外在總體區域環境的影響愈大，反之自然環境的限制愈小; 此外，「 地方核心」地位的賦予亦持導致地域進一步發展，而發展過程的快慢，則需外在總 體區域環境的配合。