How mass media frames the mega sporting event:the case of the 17th Incheon Asian Games 2014

The study examined how newspaper articles have framed the 17th Incheon Asian Games 2014, in regard to the different issues covered, sources cited, positive and/or negative externalities frames, and the relationship between issues and sources. A total of 625 Korean nationwide and local newspaper articles covering the Asian Games during the 9-year period between April 7, 2005 and September 18, 2014 was analyzed in terms of three aspects of framing: (1) the types of issues highlighted, (2) the sources of information cited, and (3) the ways in which either possibilities of positive or negative externalities depiction were used. The results of the current study reveal that "political issues" (e.g., administrative and/or political conflict among central government, host city, and local residents, participation of North Korea national team) except "factual information of the event" (e.g., schedules, results, athlete performance, history) were the most commonly highlighted, "administrators" who are the government agencies preparing the Asian Games were the most frequently cited sources of information and the frame of "negative externalities" was more employed than the frame of "positive externalities" in newspapers of the Asian Games. This study regarding media coverage of the mega sporting event identifies how mass media agencies influence their target audience using framing theory and especially provide extensive analysis of media coverage of the Asian Games to date, which could serve as a groundwork for further studies of media framing theory

A Study of Psychological Support from Local Residents for Hosting Mega-Sporting Events: A Case of the 2012 Indianapolis Super Bowl XLVI

The purpose of the current study was to assess local residents' psychological support prior to hosting a mega-sporting event and to report preliminary results as to which factors of support affect local residents' attitudes toward hosting future mega-sporting events, using the case of the 2012 Super Bowl in Indianapolis. This study provides a theoretical model to examine local residents' psychological support factors using structural equation modeling, which helps the understanding of local residents in the process of supporting the hosting of mega-sporting events in the future. The results of this study indicate that the perceptions of positive outcomes from the event have the strongest relationship to feelings toward hosting future events. Therefore, governing bodies of the host community and the event should rely most heavily on the positive outcomes. While the negative factors were not as strongly related, they were still significant indicators of feelings toward future events. The part of the plans pertaining to growing community support should include ways that the negative impacts might be mitigated

Multiple groups confirmatory factor analysis of the motivational factors affecting individuals' decisions about participating in action sports and an inquiry into participant action sports participatory fandom

The purpose of this current study was to examine if the Participant Motivations Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al., 1983) was still valid for action sports participants. This study also examined factorial invariance of motivational factors of action sports participation across genders. In other words, the study wanted to test the motivational factors of action sports participation assumed to underlie the motivational factors independently for the male and female college students. Based on the results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the PMQ motivational factors of action sports participation do fit both male and female college students. The results of the multiple t-tests showed that female college action sports participants had higher motivation levels for achievement (p < 0.001), miscellaneous reasons (p < 0.01), skills development (p < 0.01), friendships (p < 0.01) and fun (p < 0.01)

Identifying Sociological Motivation of Hispanic/LatinoSport Consumers Attending Sporting Events

While Hispanic/Latino's population and purchasing power has been rapidly growing and they are expected to have the potential to be massive sport customers in the future (McCarthy, 1998; Humphreys, 2006), there are little information reported to identify motivation of Hispanic/Latino sport consumers' attending sporting events. This study was aimed to identify sociological motivation of Hispanic/Latino sport consumers by using modified existing motivation scales (i.e., SFMS by Wann, Brewer, & Royalty, 1999; SAM by Zhang, Pease, Lam, Bellerive, Pham, Williamson, Lee, and Wall, 2001). The findings of this study revealed Hispanic/Latino's demographic characteristics and particular sociological motivations for attending sporting events. This study also indicated several implications focusing on Hispanics/Latinos as potential future sport customers

Predicting Volunteers' Intention to Return: An Examination of Brand Personality, Prestige, and Identification of Sporting Events

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among four variables: brand personality traits, prestige of a sporting event, brand identification, and individuals' intention to return to volunteer for future sporting events. Five personality traits were included in the study: sincerity, excitement, competence, sophistication, and ruggedness. A proposed conceptual model was developed and tested with a sample of volunteers at the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. Two hundred twenty-four individuals participated in a self-administered questionnaire during the event. Results from structural equation model analysis showed that three brand personality dimensions—sincerity, competence, and sophistication—were associated with individuals' prestige of the sporting event. Furthermore, event prestige positively influenced brand identification, which had a positive impact on volunteers' intention to return for volunteering

Role of Dispositional Aspects of Self-identity in the Process of Planned Behavior of Outbound Travel

Identity theorists suggest that one’s self-identity affects his behavioral intent directly, while planned behavior researchers believe that one’s attitude toward a specific behavior has a direct effect on his intention to perform the behavior. Few studies have ever examined how one’s self-identity and situational attitude may interact on his behavioral intent. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the role of one’s dispositional aspects of self-identity in the process of planned behavior in the context of outbound travel. Based on a survey on Chinese outbound travel, this study verifies that self-identity does not exert direct influence on outbound travel intents; instead, the effect of self-identity is mediated by the effect of the planned behavioral constructs. This study concludes that, in the context of outbound travel, the dispositional aspects of self-identity contribute to outbound travel intentions within the structure of the theory of planned behavior. Both theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed

Ticket Sales Outsourcing Performance Measures Using Balanced Scorecard and Analytic Hierarchy Process Combined Model

Outsourcing ticket sales operations to the service provider is becoming popular in intercollegiate sport in the US. While much has been reported about ticket sales outsourcing, there is a major lack of understanding in the literature as to how the service provider’s performance is measured by the athletic department. To fill important gaps in the sport marketing literature, this study employed the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) combined model using one NCAA Division I athletic department to understand performance measure metrics. The result of the AHP showed that Financial (WF = 0.487) is the most important performance measure within the domain level, followed by Customer (WC = 0.343), Business Process (WB = 0.091), and Learning & Growth (WL = 0.078). Global weights indicated that Cost-Saving (WFC = 0.223) is the most important factor, which implies that cost-driven outsourcing is a primary motivation for ticket sales outsourcing. Theoretical and practical implications of the analyses are also provided

Coverage of the Gay Games from 1980-2012 in U.S. Newspapers: An Analysis of Newspaper Article Framing

Many members of the LGBT community have viewed the Gay Games as an opportunity to challenge dominant ideologies concerning sexuality and sport participation. Members of the mass media, however, play a potentially important role in how the event is perceived by the general public. Therefore, the primary purpose of the current study was to examine how the Gay Games have been framed in newspaper coverage. A total of 646 articles published in the United States covering the eight Gay Games events held during the 32-year period of 1980–2012 were analyzed in terms of three aspects of framing: (a) the types of issues highlighted, (b) the sources of information cited, and (c) the manner in which either episodic or thematic narratives were employed. The results of the current study revealed that issues of identity and optimism were most commonly highlighted, LGBT participants were most frequently cited as sources of information, and thematic framing was most commonly employed in newspaper coverage of the Gay Games

Ticket Pricing Per Team: The Case of Major League Baseball (MLB)

In this paper, we explore the determinants of demand for attendance at Major League Baseball (MLB) games for 23 individual MLB teams during the period 1970 to 2003. Our central focus is to explore team-specific price elasticities of demand for attendance. We use Error Correction Models (ECM) to identify these elasticities. The empirical findings show that factors of demand differ between teams with respect to the factors that determine attendance and to the estimated weights. We find that demand for attendance is mostly inelastic with levels varying between teams

잠재평균 분석을 통한 해양스포츠 참여자의 참여동기 수준과 만족도, 재방문의도 간의 차이검증

Korean language journalThis research is intended to verify the levels of participation motivation and satisfaction, and revisiting intention of marine sports participants of each age group, using a latent mean analysis. The purpose is to provide basic data necessary for various environments to be considered for marine sports development by verifying the level of participation motivation and satisfaction, and revisiting intention of marine sports participants of each age group, after evaluating their measurement variables through verification of equality in terms of forms, measurement and segments. As a result, the following facts were derived. First, compared to people in their 20s, participants in their 30s showed statistical similarities in ‘deviance’ (p<.001), ‘entertainment value’ (p<.001), ‘satisfaction level’ (p<.05), and ‘revisiting intention’ (p<.05). In terms of effect size (d), the ‘entertainment value’ was very substantial (.8 or above), and ‘deviance’ showed an intermediate-level of disparity (.5 or above). Meanwhile, ‘educational value’, ‘satisfaction level’, and ‘revisiting intention’, showed a small level of disparity (.2 or above). Second, participants in their 40s showed statistical similarities in ‘deviance’ (p<.001) and ‘entertainment value’ (p<.001), and showed an intermediate-level of disparity (.5 or above) in ‘deviance’ and ‘entertainment value’ in the effect size (d). Third, participants in their 50s showed statistical similarities in ‘deviance’ (p<.001), ‘entertainment value’ (p<.001), and ‘reliability’ (p<.05). In terms of effect size (d), a high level of disparity (.8 or above) in ‘deviance’, an intermediate-level of disparity (.5 or above) in ‘entertainment value’, and a small level of disparity (.2 or above) was found in ‘reliability‘