1,796 research outputs found
Novel particulate vaccine candidates recombinantly produced by pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacterial hosts : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Microbiology at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biopolyesters synthesized as small spherical
cytoplasmic inclusion bodies by a range of bacteria. Recently, PHA beads have been
investigated for use as a vaccine delivery platform by using engineered heterologous
production hosts that allowed the efficient display of vaccine candidate antigens on the
beads surface and were found to greatly improve immunogenicity of the displayed
antigens. However, like other subunit vaccines, these antigen-displaying (vaccine) PHA
beads only provide a limited repertoire of antigens.
In this thesis we investigate the idea of directly utilizing the disease causative pathogen
or model organism to produce vaccine PHA beads with a large antigenic repertoire.
These beads are hypothesized to have the potential to induce greater protective
immunity compared to production of the same PHA bead in a heterologous production
host.
This concept was exemplified with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium
tuberculosis as model human pathogens. For P. aeruginosa we describe the engineering
of this bacterium to promote PHA and Psl (polysaccharide) production. This represents
a new mode of functional display for the engineering, production, and validation of a
novel OprI/F-AlgE fusion antigen-displayed on PHA beads. For the disease tuberculosis
we investigated the use of nonpathogenic M. smegmatis as a model organism for M.
tuberculosis. We described the bioengineering, production, and validation of Ag85AESAT-
6 displayed on PHA beads produced in M. smegmatis.
Here we showed that both organisms were harnessed to produce custom-made PHA
beads for use as particulate subunit vaccines that carried copurifying pathogen-derived
proteins as a large antigenic repertoire and the ability of these vaccine PHA beads to
generate a protective immune response.
This novel bioengineering concept of particulate subunit vaccine production could be
applied to a range of pathogens naturally producing PHA inclusions for developing
efficacious subunit vaccines for infectious diseases
Emotional Intelligence and Teamwork Skills Among Undergraduate Engineering and Nursing Students: A Pilot Study
Background: Healthcare operations require collaboration between healthcare and non-healthcare professionals.Objectives: To examine: a) the effectiveness of a case-based interprofessional education (IPE) workshop, and b) the association between emotional intelligence (EI) and teamwork skills in nursing and industrial engineering trainees.Methods: Undergraduate nursing and industrial engineering students (N = 42) participated in a workshop that requires the integration of knowledge from both disciplines. Previously validated instruments were used to assess EI, empathic listening and teamwork skills pre- and post-workshop.Findings: While results of the multivariate analysis of variance suggested no difference in study variables before and after the workshop, findings from Pearson’s correlation revealed more pairs of significant correlations post-workshop. Positive association between EI and teamwork skills was found post-workshop.Conclusion: IPE workshops beyond conventional healthcare professions are feasible and welcomed by trainees. EI should be considered an antecedent of teamwork
Identifying the Public’s Psychological Concerns in Response to COVID-19 Risk Messages in Singapore
Understanding the social-psychological processes that characterize communities’ reactions to a pandemic is the first step toward formulating risk communications that can lead to better health outcomes. This study examines comments on Facebook pages of five Singapore media outlets to understand what topics are being discussed by the public in reaction to the implemented precautionary measures in Singapore so as to infer their psychological concerns. Using Anchored Correlation Explanation as a topic modelling technique, this study examines around 10,000 comments and identifies 21 topics that are discussed. The 21 topics were categorized and organized into seven broad themes of psychological concerns. Implications for theory and practice are then discussed
Characterization of the human ESC transcriptome by hybrid sequencing
Although transcriptional and posttranscriptional events are detected
in RNA-Seq data from second-generation sequencing, fulllength
mRNA isoforms are not captured. On the other hand, thirdgeneration
sequencing, which yields much longer reads, has
current limitations of lower raw accuracy and throughput. Here,
we combine second-generation sequencing and third-generation
sequencing with a custom-designed method for isoform identification
and quantification to generate a high-confidence isoform
dataset for human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We report 8,084
RefSeq-annotated isoforms detected as full-length and an additional
5,459 isoforms predicted through statistical inference. Over
one-third of these are novel isoforms, including 273 RNAs from
gene loci that have not previously been identified. Further characterization
of the novel loci indicates that a subset is expressed in
pluripotent cells but not in diverse fetal and adult tissues; moreover,
their reduced expression perturbs the network of pluripotency-
associated genes. Results suggest that gene identification,
even in well-characterized human cell lines and tissues, is likely far
from complete
The influence of multi-morbidity and self-reported socio-economic standing on the prevalence of depression in an elderly Hong Kong population
<b>Background</b> There has been an increasing prevalence of both depression and chronic medical conditions globally but the relationship between depression and multi-morbidity is not well understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between depression, multi-morbidity (number of chronic medical conditions, and measures of socioeconomic standing (SES) in an elderly Hong Kong population.<p></p>
<b>Methods</b> Cross sectional study. Information on clinically relevant depressive symptoms, measured by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and demographic and chronic medical conditions were collected using standardized questionnaires. Information collected on SES included educational status (ES), maximum ever income (MEI), and self-perceived social standing in local community (SES-COM) and in Hong Kong generally (SES-HK). Analysis was conducted using multiple logistic regression.<p></p>
<b>Results</b> Depression rates were similar in men and women (GDS caseness 8.1% vs 8.4%). Multi-morbidity of chronic medical conditions was common (40% of men and 46% of women had three or more). In the overall sample, the prevalence of depression was associated with the number of chronic medical conditions (OR 1.27; CI: 1.16–1.39). In addition, SES-HK and SES-COM were significant independent variables.<p></p>
<b>Conclusion</b> In this elderly Hong Kong population, depression prevalence rose markedly with number of chronic medical conditions and SES-HK and SES-COM
The InfraRed Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) for TMT: latest science cases and simulations
The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) first light instrument IRIS (Infrared
Imaging Spectrograph) will complete its preliminary design phase in 2016. The
IRIS instrument design includes a near-infrared (0.85 - 2.4 micron) integral
field spectrograph (IFS) and imager that are able to conduct simultaneous
diffraction-limited observations behind the advanced adaptive optics system
NFIRAOS. The IRIS science cases have continued to be developed and new science
studies have been investigated to aid in technical performance and design
requirements. In this development phase, the IRIS science team has paid
particular attention to the selection of filters, gratings, sensitivities of
the entire system, and science cases that will benefit from the parallel mode
of the IFS and imaging camera. We present new science cases for IRIS using the
latest end-to-end data simulator on the following topics: Solar System bodies,
the Galactic center, active galactic nuclei (AGN), and distant
gravitationally-lensed galaxies. We then briefly discuss the necessity of an
advanced data management system and data reduction pipeline.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures, SPIE (2016) 9909-0
Prenatal THC Exposure Induces Sex-Dependent Neuropsychiatric Endophenotypes in Offspring and Long-Term Disruptions in Fatty-Acid Signaling Pathways Directly in the Mesolimbic Circuitry
Despite increased prevalence of maternal cannabis use, little is understood regarding potential long-term effects of prenatal cannabis exposure (PCE) on neurodevelopmental outcomes. While neurodevelopmental cannabis exposure increases the risk of developing affective/mood disorders in adulthood, the precise neuro-pathophysiological mechanisms in male and female offspring are largely unknown. Given the interconnectivity of the endocannabinoid (ECb) system and the brain’s fatty acid pathways, we hypothesized that prenatal exposure to ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) may dysregulate fetal neurodevelopment through alterations of fatty-acid dependent synaptic and neuronal function in the mesolimbic system. To investigate this, pregnant Wistar rats were exposed to vehicle or THC (3 mg/kg) from gestational day (GD)7 until GD22. Anxiety-like, depres-sive-like, and reward-seeking behavior, electrophysiology, and molecular assays were performed on adult male/female offspring. Imaging of fatty acids using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) was performed at prepubescence and adulthood. We report that PCE induces be-havioral, neuronal, and molecular alterations in the mesolimbic system in male and female offspring, resem-bling neuropsychiatric endophenotypes. Additionally, PCE resulted in profound dysregulation of critical fatty acid pathways in the developing brain lipidome. Female progeny exhibited significant alterations to fatty acid levels at prepubescence but recovered from these deficits by early adulthood. In contrast, males exhibited persistent fatty acid deficits into adulthood. Moreover, both sexes maintained enduring abnormalities in gluta-matergic/GABAergic function in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). These findings identify several novel long-term risks of maternal cannabis use and demonstrate for the first time, sex-related effects of maternal cannabinoid exposure directly in the developing neural lipidome
Development of a semi-automated MHC-associated peptide proteomics (MAPPs) method using streptavidin bead-based immunoaffinity capture and nano LC-MS/MS to support immunogenicity risk assessment in drug development
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-Associated Peptide Proteomics (MAPPs) is an ex vivo method used to assess the immunogenicity risk of biotherapeutics. MAPPs can identify potential T-cell epitopes within the biotherapeutic molecule. Using adalimumab treated human monocyte derived dendritic cells (DCs) and a pan anti-HLA-DR antibody (Ab), we systematically automated and optimized biotin/streptavidin (SA)-capture antibody coupling, lysate incubation with capture antibody, as well as the washing and elution steps of a MAPPs method using functionalized magnetic beads and a KingFisher Magnetic Particle processor. Automation of these steps, combined with capturing using biotinylated-Ab/SA magnetic beads rather than covalently bound antibody, improved reproducibility as measured by minimal inter-and intra-day variability, as well as minimal analyst-to-analyst variability. The semi-automated MAPPs workflow improved sensitivity, allowing for a lower number of cells per analysis. The method was assessed using five different biotherapeutics with varying immunogenicity rates ranging from 0.1 to 48% ADA incidence in the clinic. Biotherapeutics with ≥10%immunogenicity incidence consistently presented more peptides (1.8-28 fold) and clusters (10-21 fold) compared to those with <10% immunogenicity incidence. Our semi-automated MAPPs method provided two main advantages over a manual workflow- the robustness and reproducibility affords confidence in the epitopes identified from as few as 5 to 10 donors and the method workflow can be readily adapted to incorporate different capture Abs in addition to anti-HLA-DR. The incorporation of semi-automated MAPPs with biotinylated-Ab/SA bead-based capture in immunogenicity screening strategies allows the generation of more consistent and reliable data, helping to improve immunogenicity prediction capabilities in drug development.MHC associated peptide proteomics (MAPPs), Immunogenicity risk assessment, in vitro/ex vivo, biotherapeutics, Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II (MHC II), LC-MS, Immunoaffinity Capture, streptavidin magnetic bead
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