Mutation of the Protein Kinase C Site in Borna Disease Virus Phosphoprotein Abrogates Viral Interference with Neuronal Signaling and Restores Normal Synaptic Activity

Understanding the pathogenesis of infection by neurotropic viruses represents a major challenge and may improve our knowledge of many human neurological diseases for which viruses are thought to play a role. Borna disease virus (BDV) represents an attractive model system to analyze the molecular mechanisms whereby a virus can persist in the central nervous system (CNS) and lead to altered brain function, in the absence of overt cytolysis or inflammation. Recently, we showed that BDV selectively impairs neuronal plasticity through interfering with protein kinase C (PKC)–dependent signaling in neurons. Here, we tested the hypothesis that BDV phosphoprotein (P) may serve as a PKC decoy substrate when expressed in neurons, resulting in an interference with PKC-dependent signaling and impaired neuronal activity. By using a recombinant BDV with mutated PKC phosphorylation site on P, we demonstrate the central role of this protein in BDV pathogenesis. We first showed that the kinetics of dissemination of this recombinant virus was strongly delayed, suggesting that phosphorylation of P by PKC is required for optimal viral spread in neurons. Moreover, neurons infected with this mutant virus exhibited a normal pattern of phosphorylation of the PKC endogenous substrates MARCKS and SNAP-25. Finally, activity-dependent modulation of synaptic activity was restored, as assessed by measuring calcium dynamics in response to depolarization and the electrical properties of neuronal networks grown on microelectrode arrays. Therefore, preventing P phosphorylation by PKC abolishes viral interference with neuronal activity in response to stimulation. Our findings illustrate a novel example of viral interference with a differentiated neuronal function, mainly through competition with the PKC signaling pathway. In addition, we provide the first evidence that a viral protein can specifically interfere with stimulus-induced synaptic plasticity in neurons

Neurons are MHC Class I-Dependent Targets for CD8 T Cells upon Neurotropic Viral Infection

Following infection of the central nervous system (CNS), the immune system is faced with the challenge of eliminating the pathogen without causing significant damage to neurons, which have limited capacities of renewal. In particular, it was thought that neurons were protected from direct attack by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) because they do not express major histocompatibility class I (MHC I) molecules, at least at steady state. To date, most of our current knowledge on the specifics of neuron-CTL interaction is based on studies artificially inducing MHC I expression on neurons, loading them with exogenous peptide and applying CTL clones or lines often differentiated in culture. Thus, much remains to be uncovered regarding the modalities of the interaction between infected neurons and antiviral CD8 T cells in the course of a natural disease. Here, we used the model of neuroinflammation caused by neurotropic Borna disease virus (BDV), in which virus-specific CTL have been demonstrated as the main immune effectors triggering disease. We tested the pathogenic properties of brain-isolated CD8 T cells against pure neuronal cultures infected with BDV. We observed that BDV infection of cortical neurons triggered a significant up regulation of MHC I molecules, rendering them susceptible to recognition by antiviral CTL, freshly isolated from the brains of acutely infected rats. Using real-time imaging, we analyzed the spatio-temporal relationships between neurons and CTL. Brain-isolated CTL exhibited a reduced mobility and established stable contacts with BDV-infected neurons, in an antigen- and MHC-dependent manner. This interaction induced rapid morphological changes of the neurons, without immediate killing or impairment of electrical activity. Early signs of neuronal apoptosis were detected only hours after this initial contact. Thus, our results show that infected neurons can be recognized efficiently by brain-isolated antiviral CD8 T cells and uncover the unusual modalities of CTL-induced neuronal damage

Traitement de l'information sensorielle et nociceptive par le réseau de la corne dorsale de la moelle épinière

Premier relais des informations sensorielles et nociceptives périphériques, la moelle épinière est le siège de traitements dynamiques complexes. L'objectif de ce travail est de caractériser la transformation subie par le signal (sa fonction de transfert) et de quantifier l'impact des différents paramètres du réseau. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé une approche multidisciplinaire mêlant théorie et expérimentation au travers du développement d'une nouvelle plateforme d'expérimentation hybride, basée sur le logiciel NEURON. Nous avons construit un modèle réaliste du réseau de la corne dorsale et développé des outils théoriques de quantification du signal et de sa transformation, provenant de la théorie de l'information. Nous avons pu ainsi pu mettre en évidence l'importance des propriétés régénératives cellulaires ainsi que du contrôle inhibiteur sur le transfert de l'information nociceptive. Nous aboutissons ainsi à une approche novatrice de pharmacologie virtuelle pour l'étude de la douleur.First relay of peripheral sensory and nociceptive information, the dorsal horn network of the spinal cord is a dynamic integrator, rather than a simple relay. The aim of this work is to caracterize input/output transformation and to assess the effect of network parameters as cellular, synaptic and connectivity properties. We used a combined theoretical and experimental approach through the development of a new experimental hybrid platform, based on the NEURON simulator. We developped a realistic network model of the dorsal horn and theoretical quantification tools from signal processing algorithm and information theory. We demonstrated the importance of intrinsic neuronal properties as well as inhibitory control for the information transfer. This work can lead to a novel approach of virtual pharmacology for the exploration of new pain treatment.BORDEAUX2-BU Santé (330632101) / SudocSudocFranceF

RNA-Targeted Therapies and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor disease in adults. Its pathophysiology remains mysterious, but tremendous advances have been made with the discovery of the most frequent mutations of its more common familial form linked to the C9ORF72 gene. Although most cases are still considered sporadic, these genetic mutations have revealed the role of RNA production, processing and transport in ALS, and may be important players in all ALS forms. There are no disease-modifying treatments for adult human neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS. As in spinal muscular atrophy, RNA-targeted therapies have been proposed as potential strategies for treating this neurodegenerative disorder. Successes achieved in various animal models of ALS have proven that RNA therapies are both safe and effective. With careful consideration of the applicability of such therapies in humans, it is possible to anticipate ongoing in vivo research and clinical trial development of RNA therapies for treating ALS

Traveling Waves in a Ring of Three Inhibitory Coupled Model Neurons

The pyloric network of the stomatogastric ganglion of the lobster generates motor patterns with specific phase-lags between single neurons. This network inspired us to investigate a simplified model consisting of three mono-directionally coupled MorrisLecar oscillators. We have systematically analyzed the high-dimensional space of the synaptic parameters and identified parameter combinations which lead to biologically plausible phase-lags that exist even in a network with identical cells in the absence of an intrinsic burster. The dependence of the phase lags on the synaptic parameters was also explored. Key words: Morris-Lecar, coupled oscillators, ring network 1 Introduction A network with three model neurons, coupled with mono-directional inhibition could, in principal, be used to control various asynchronous movement sequences by producing patterns with different phase lags. This makes its behavior interesting with respect to biological as well as artificial movement control. A rel..

A Computational Model of Motor Neuron Degeneration

SummaryTo explore the link between bioenergetics and motor neuron degeneration, we used a computational model in which detailed morphology and ion conductance are paired with intracellular ATP production and consumption. We found that reduced ATP availability increases the metabolic cost of a single action potential and disrupts K+/Na+ homeostasis, resulting in a chronic depolarization. The magnitude of the ATP shortage at which this ionic instability occurs depends on the morphology and intrinsic conductance characteristic of the neuron. If ATP shortage is confined to the distal part of the axon, the ensuing local ionic instability eventually spreads to the whole neuron and involves fasciculation-like spiking events. A shortage of ATP also causes a rise in intracellular calcium. Our modeling work supports the notion that mitochondrial dysfunction can account for salient features of the paralytic disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, including motor neuron hyperexcitability, fasciculation, and differential vulnerability of motor neuron subpopulations