Organic Farming and Market in the EU

Information on organic farming and market in the European Unio

L'agriculture bio dans le monde

Panorama du secteur bio mondia

L'agriculture bio dans l'Union européenne

Panorama de l'agriculture biologique dans l'Union européenn

Organic Sector in the European Union 2021

Description of Organic Sector in the European Union: production, market and actions program

L'agriculture bio dans l'Union européenne édition 2021

En 2019, le marché bio de l’Union européenne approchait 45,2 milliards d’euros. Plus de 343 600 exploitations agricoles cultivaient près de 14,7 millions d’hectares selon le mode biologique dans l’Union européenne à 28 (y compris les surfaces en conversion), soit 8,1 % de la surface agricole utile européenne

miR-145 and miR-143 regulate smooth muscle cell fate and plasticity

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulators of myriad cellular events, but evidence for a single miRNA that can efficiently differentiate multipotent stem cells into a specific lineage or regulate direct reprogramming of cells into an alternative cell fate has been elusive. Here we show that miR-145 and miR-143 are co-transcribed in multipotent murine cardiac progenitors before becoming localized to smooth muscle cells, including neural crest stem-cell-derived vascular smooth muscle cells. miR-145 and miR-143 were direct transcriptional targets of serum response factor, myocardin and Nkx2-5 (NK2 transcription factor related, locus 5) and were downregulated in injured or atherosclerotic vessels containing proliferating, less differentiated smooth muscle cells. miR-145 was necessary for myocardin-induced reprogramming of adult fibroblasts into smooth muscle cells and sufficient to induce differentiation of multipotent neural crest stem cells into vascular smooth muscle. Furthermore, miR-145 and miR-143 cooperatively targeted a network of transcription factors, including Klf4 (Kruppel-like factor 4), myocardin and Elk-1 (ELK1, member of ETS oncogene family), to promote differentiation and repress proliferation of smooth muscle cells. These findings demonstrate that miR-145 can direct the smooth muscle fate and that miR-145 and miR-143 function to regulate the quiescent versus proliferative phenotype of smooth muscle cells