Yield component analysis and diversity in Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.)

The objective of this study was to analyze the variability and mutual dependence of the tuber weight per plant, tuber number per plant, average tuber weight and total sugars content in the tubers of 20 Jerusalem artichoke genotypes included in a varietal trial conducted in the period 1994-2008. The variability of tuber weight per plant, tuber number per plant and average tuber weight was significantly affected by environmental conditions, while the total sugars content in the tubers depended primarily on the genotype. As the tuber weight per plant increased, the content of total sugars in the tubers decreased. Maximum tuber weight per plant was achieved with the genotype BT-4 and highest contents of total sugars in tubers were found in the genotypes Violet Rennes, UKR 5/82 and Topianca

Uticaj agroklimatskih uslova na sadržaj glavnih kanabinoida u industrijskoj konoplji (Cannabis sativa L.)

In a six-year field experiment eight industrial hemp varieties were examined for ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) contents. The study analyzed the influence of growing degree days (GDD), soil temperature at 5 cm, air humidity, and growing season precipitation on the levels of the main cannabinoids in this crop. Agroclimatic conditions do not influence THC and CBD contents in industrial hemp in the same way. THC synthesis and accumulation are under the significant positive influence of GDD and air humidity and under the negative influence of precipitation, while soil temperature at 5 cm has no significant effect on it. Soil temperature at 5 cm has a significant positive effect on the CBD content, as do GDD. Precipitation has a negative influence on the CBD content of industrial hemp, while air humidity has no influence on it.U poljskim ogledima je tokom šest godina osam sorti industrijske konoplje ispitivano na sadržaj ∆9-tetrahidrokanabinola (THC) i kanabidiola (CBD). Analiziran je uticaj sume temperatura (growing degree days GDD), temperature zemljišta na 5 cm, vlažnosti vazduha i sume padavina tokom vegetacionog perioda na sadržaj glavnih kanabinoida. Agroklimatski uslovi ne utiču u istoj meri na sadržaj THC i CBD u industrijskoj konoplji. Sinteza i akumulacija THC protiče pod značajnim pozitivnim uticajem GDD i vlažnosti vazduha i negativnim uticajem sume padavina. Temperatura zemljišta na 5 cm nema značajnog efekta na sadržaj THC, ali zato signifikantno utiče na sadržaj CBD, isto kao i GDD. Suma padavina ima izražen negativan efekat, dok je uticaj vlažnosti vazduha na sadržaj CBD u industrijskoj konoplji zanemarljiv

Path analiza kvantitativnih svojstava sirka metlaša - komponente visine biljke

Field trail with broomcorn was set up during three agro climatic divergent years (2006, 2009, 2011) in Bački Petrovac, Serbia. Components of plant height were analyzed on nine different origin broomcorn varieties. Relationships between components of height were determined by correlation and path analysis. Panicle length is a stabile trait of broomcorn composed of peduncle length and fiber length. Increasing fiber length is connected with decreasing peduncle length which is in direct connection with panicle exertion. Negative value of panicle exertion is the main problem in manual harvest of broomcorn panicles. Fiber length is directly influenced by panicle length, peduncle length and panicle exertion. These traits can be taken as a selection criterion in program of broomcorn breeding for fiber length.Poljski ogledi sa sirkom metlašem su izvođeni tokom tri agroklimatski divergentne godine (2006, 2009, 2011.) na lokalitetu Bački Petrovac. Analizirane su komponente visine devet sorti različitog porekla. Na osnovu rezultata korelacione i path koeficijent analize determinisana je priroda povezanosti komponenti visine sirka metlaša. Dužina metlice je stabilna osobina sirka metlaša koja se sastoji od dužine drške i dužine peteljki. Sa povećanjem dužine peteljki dolazi do smanjenja dužine drške usled čega se smanjuje i eksponiranost metlice, što predstavlja osnov- ni problem pri ručnoj žetvi. Na formiranje dužine peteljki ima značajan direktan uticaj dužina metlice, dužina drške metlice i eksponiranost metlice. Ove osobine se mogu posmatrati kao selekcioni kriterijum pri definisanju programa oplemenjivanja sirka metlaša na dužinu peteljki

Deformisane metlice sirka metlaša [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] u zavisnosti od veličine vegetacionog prostora biljaka

Field trial was set up in Šajkaš in 2002 and 2003 to estimate influence of vegetative space per plant on formation of defective broomcorn panicle (spike, crooked, wrinkled). Experiment included two commercial broomcorn varieties (Neoplanta plus and Prima), two row widths (50 and 70 cm) and six different distances among plants in row (5, 9, 13, 17, 21 and 25 cm). All trial variants included certain percentage of defective panicles formed under the influence of vegetative space per plant and agroclimatic conditions. Spike panicles generally appeared in high density and crooked panicles in low density crop. Lowest percentage of defective panicles appeared in crop with 100,000-120,000 plants per hectare. Considering yield, optimum broomcorn planting recommendation is 150,000-160,000 plants per hectare, with 50 cm between rows and 13 cm between plants, or 70 cm between rows and 9 cm between plants in a row.Poljski ogledi koji su obuhvatali dve sorte sirka metlaša (Neoplanta plus i Prima), dva međuredna razmaka setve (50 i 70 cm) i 6 različitih razmaka biljaka u redu (5, 9, 13, 17, 21 i 25 cm) postavljeni su tokom dve godine (2002. i 2003.) na lokalitetu Šajkaš radi ispitivanja uticaja veličina vegetacionog prostora biljaka na formiranje deformisanih metlica (čačkalice, lulaste i kudrave metlice). U svim varijantama ogleda formira se određeni procenat deformisanih metlica. Na njihovo formiranje utiče godina i veličina vegetacionog prostora biljaka. U uslovima gustog sklopa formiraju se pretežno čačkalice, dok u retkom sklopu dominiraju lulaste metlice. Najmanji procenat deformacija se formira u porastu sa 100 000-120 000 biljaka na hektar. Uzimajući u obzir prinose, kao optimalno rešenje za setvu preporučuje se sklop od 150 000-160 000 biljaka na hektar, odnosno pri međurednom razmaku od 50 cm, setva na razmak između biljaka u redu 13 cm, a pri međurednom razmaku od 70 cm setva na razmak između biljaka u redu 9 cm

Weed infestation and biodiversity of winter wheat under the effect of long-term crop rotation

The paper presents the study of the floristic composition of weeds and weed infestation in winter wheat in long-term crop rotations at the experimental station near Novi Sad (Serbia). During the study period, a total of 48 weed species were determined, out of which 33 were determined in each study year. In two study years, there were 18 common species, while 15 species determined in 1991 were not found 19 years later. On the other hand, the study in 2010 recorded 15 new species that had not been previously found. The greatest floristic diversity (20 species) was found on fertilized four-year rotation in 1991 and unfertilized two-year rotation in 2010. The lowest diversity was recorded in 2010 on fertilized four-year rotation (9 species) and fertilized three-year rotation (10 species). The highest weed infestation was recorded in 1991 on unfertilized two-year rotation (2963 plants m(-2)) and unfertilized three-year rotation (2126 plants m(-2)), which is statistically significant compared to other variants. The lowest average weed infestation was observed in 2010 on fertilized three-year rotation (40 plants m(-2)) and fertilized four-year rotation (53 plants m(-2)). Long-term crop rotations have a significant effect on the floristic composition and structure of weeds in winter wheat

Varijabilnost i međuzavisnost komponenti prinosa konoplje za vlakno

Variability and interrelation of yield components in fiber hemp were analysed in field experiments. This research included 20 commercial varieties currently being cultivated in Europe. Significant variability was determined for plant height, stem yield, fiber content and fiber yield, so these materials can be useful as a good base for future fiber hemp breeding and production improvement. Stem diameter was predominantly determined by ecological factors, and genetic background of examined varieties had small influence on expression of this trait. Regarding expression of other yield components, influence of genetic factors was more important than environmental conditions. Correlation between analyzed traits shows that high stem and fiber yield are achieved in higher populations of fiber hemp with thicker stem. Fiber content increased with stem thickness increase.U poljskim ogledima je ispitivana varijabilnost i međuzavisnost komponenti prinosa konoplje za vlakno. U istraživanja je bilo uključeno 20 sorti koje se danas komercijalno gaje u Evropi. Varijabilnost visine biljke, prinosa stabla, sadržaja vlakna i prinosa vlakna je u ispitivanom materijalu značajna i on može poslužiti kao dobra osnova za dalji rad na oplemenjivanju i unapređenju proizvodnje konoplje za vlakno. Istraživanja su pokazala da je debljina stabla u prvom redu determinisana uslovima spoljne sredine a da je genetski faktor od manjeg uticaja na ekspresiju ovog svojstva. Kod ostalih analiziranih osobina izraženiji je značaj nasledne osnove u odnosu na uslove sredine. Korelacije između analiziranih osobina ukazuju da se veći prinosi stabla i vlakna postižu u porastima veće visine i debljeg stabla. Sa povećanjem debljine stabla povećava se i sadržaj vlakna u stablu

Interakcija genotipa i spoljne sredine i stabilnost randmana metlice sirka metlaša [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]

Phenotypic variability and stability of panicle utilization of 11 different commercial broomcorn varieties was estimated in a field trial. Method of regression analysis was used to estimate panicle utilization stability. Method of main component was applied to establish differences between varieties. Main values of panicle utilization in analyzed varieties have a wide variability. Highest value was noted at Hungarian variety Szegedi 1023 (42.6%) and lowest at American variety Deer 418 (23.1%). Most of the analyzed varieties expressed good stability for panicle utilization. Most stabile were Sava, Dia, Reform, Szilard, Szegedi szlovak and Neoplanta + and least stabile was former Yugoslavian/Hungarian variety Jumak. First PCA axe picked up 61.5% of total variation. All the examined varieties were divided in two groups and several subgroups after cluster analysis.Za uspešnu i ekonomičnu metlarsku industriju neophodna je kvalitetna sirovina. Sortiment sirka metlaša treba da zadovoljava zahteve proizvođača u smislu visokih i stabilnih prinosa. Randman metlice predstavlja parametar koji govori o stepenu iskorišćenosti sirkove metlice sa aspekta proizvodnje metli. U radu je ispitivana fenotipska varijabilnost i stabilnost randmana metlice 11 komercijalnih sorti sirka metlaša različitog porekla. Stabilnost randmana metlice određena je metodom regresione analize. Da bi se utvrdilo na koji način se ispitivane sorte međusobno razlikuju primenjena je analiza glavnih komponenti (PCA). S obzirom da se radi o divergentnom materijalu, grupisanje sorti na osnovu ekološkog indeksa, koeficijenta regresije i koeficijenta varijacije je izvršeno primenom hijerarhijske klaster analize. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da su srednje vrednosti randmana metlice u ispitivanom uzorku sorti sirka metlaša široko varirale. Pri tome je najveća vrednost svojstva zabeležena kod mađarske sorte Szegedi 1023 (42,6 %) a najmanja kod američke sorte Deer 418 (23,1 %). Većina ispitivanih sorti ispoljava stabilnu reakciju za analizirano svojstvo. Kao najstabilnije su se izdvojile sorte Sava, Dia, Reform, Szilard, Szegedi szlovak i Neoplanta +. Kao najmanje stabilna sorta se pokazala sorta Jumak. Objašnjena varijacija randmana metlice prema rezultatima PCA analize je najviše uslovljena sa prve dve glavne komponente, od kojih je značajnija prva koja iznosi 61,5 %. Klaster analizom sorte su podeljene u dve velike grupe sa nekoliko podgrupa

Uticaj vremena setve na performanse običnog prosa (Panicum miliaceum L.)

During the year 2013 at the site of Bačka Topola field experiment was conducted with different sowing times of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) cultivar Biserka. The applied sowing times included a period of more than two months starting with regular (A: May 24) and delayed sowing (B: June 6), continued with second crop (C: June 22) and delayed second crop (D: July 8). It was observed that the number of days from sowing to emergence was equal for all sowing times (6 days). There was no difference in the number of days from emergence to tasseling between sowing times (30-36 days). The length of the growing season, as well as the number of days from tasseling to maturity was similar in the case of regular, delayed and second crop sowing (91-97 days). However, in delayed second crop, the vegetation was shortened to 59 days. The average plant height decreased linearly with time of sowing. The difference in weight of 1000 grains (indicating the grain size) was not statistically significant between the first, second and third period of sowing. The greatest grains were observed in delayed double cropping. Between regular and late regular sowing no significant differences have been observed in grain yield. Similar observation was made for the difference in yield between second crop and delayed second crop. Grain yield decrease in delayed second crop, as compared to the regular sowing in this experiment was slightly more intense (50 %) in comparison to the literature data, where reduction is mentioned as being 30 %. .U 2013. godini na lokalitetu Bačka Topola izveden je poljski ogled sa rokovima setve običnog prosa (Panicum miliaceum L.) sorte Biserka. Primenjeni rokovi setve obuhvatili su vremenski period od više od dva meseca, od redovne (24. maja 2013.), preko zakasnele (6. juna 2013.), prave postrne (22. juna 2013.) do zakasnele postrne setve (8. jula 2013.). Zapaženo je da je broj dana od setve do nicanja bio istovetan kod svih rokova i iznosio je 6 dana. Između rokova setve nije bilo veće razlike u broju dana od nicanja do metličenja (30-36 dana). Dužina vegetacije i broj dana od klasanja do zrelosti, bila je slična u slučaju redovne, zakasnele redovne i postrne setve (91-97 dana). Međutim, u zakasneloj postrnoj setvi vegetacija je skraćena na 59 dana. Prosečna visina biljke se linearno smanjivala sa kašnjenjem setve. U masi 1000 zrna nije bilo statistički značajne razlike između prvog, drugog i trećeg roka. U zakasneloj postrnoj setvi se, međutim, formiralo najkrupnije zrno. Između redovne i zakasnele setve nema značajnije razlike u prinosu zrna. To se isto može reći i za razliku u prinosu između postrne i zakasnele postrne setve. Smanjenje prinosa zrna u postrnoj u odnosu na redovnu setvu u ovom ogledu je nešto intenzivnije (50 %) u odnosu na podatke iz literature, gde se spominje smanjenje za 30 %.

Production of corn in Serbia in the light of climate change

This paper presents the basic elements of maize production technology in Serbia. For their good knowledge, it is necessary to be familiar with the basic biological requirements of the species, phenology and its particular requirements for water, heat, soil conditions and mineral nutrition. A special emphasis in this paper is given to recent research by the author regarding the correction of production technology (selection of hybrids, time and density of sowing, etc.) from the aspect of knowing the weather conditions of the year to the moment of sowing and the amount and position of available nitrogen in the soil profile during the spring before sowing. In the light of predicted climate change conditions for the Republic of Serbia, the authors of this paper have proposed and appropriated adaptation measures. The general conclusion is that there are no general recipes for the correct production technology of this plant species, but should be adapted to each specific year, field and hybrid