Respuesta agronómica del pepino (Cucumis sativus L.) a la aplicación de abonos orgánicos en diferentes sistemas de producción (REVISIÓN)

The following work was developed with the objective to evaluate the cucumber crop in different systems: open field, macro-tunnel and shade mesh from April 24th to August 31st of 2016. In each system, different sources of fertilization were tested and the doses were according to the need of nutritional crop. The fertilization sources were: vermicompost, compost, cattle and sheep manure and a control treatment (chemical fertilization). Morphological variables were evaluated: height (cm) and stem diameter (mm); growth indices: Absolute Growth Rate (g day) and Crop Growth Rate (m2 g day); yield (kg m2) and fresh fruit masses (g). A randomized block design with a factorial arrangement (3 x 5) with five replications was used and the Tukey mean comparison test (α≤0.05) was run for the variables that showed significant. The best morphological growth dynamics was observed with the use of organic fertilizers. Growth rates had similar behaviors depending on the system and fertilization. The best yields 23,434, 18,795 and 19.59 kg m2 were registered in the chemical fertilization interaction within the macro-tunnel, shade mesh and open field systems, respectively. The bovine and ovine manures and vermicompost recorded fresh fruit masses (481.08, 453.67 and 425.28 g respectively) higher than that registered with chemical fertilization (396.28 g). Therefore, the organic fertilizers used are presented as a fertilization alternative for cucumber cultivation. El presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar el cultivo del pepino en diferentes sistemas: campo abierto, macro-túnel y malla sombra del 24 de abril al 31 de agosto de 2016. En cada sistema se probaron diferentes fuentes de fertilización y las dosis dependieron del requerimiento nutricional del cultivo. Las fuentes de fertilización fueron: lombricomposta, composta, estiércoles bovino y ovino, así como un tratamiento testigo (fertilización química). Se evaluaron variables morfológicas: altura (cm) y diámetro (mm) del tallo; índices de crecimiento: Tasa Absoluta de Crecimiento (g día) y Tasa de Crecimiento del Cultivo (m2 g día); rendimiento (kg m2) y masas frescas de los frutos (g). Se utilizó un diseño en bloques al azar con arreglo factorial (3 x 5) con cinco repeticiones y se corrió la prueba de comparación de medias de Tukey (α≤0.05) para las variables que mostraron diferencias significativas. La mejor dinámica de crecimiento morfológica se observó con la utilización de los abonos orgánicos. Los índices de crecimiento tuvieron comportamientos similares en dependencia del sistema y de la fertilización. Los mejores rendimientos 23.434, 18.795 y 19.59 kg m2 se registraron en la interacción fertilización química dentro de los sistemas macro-túnel, malla sombra y campo abierto respectivamente. Los estiércoles bovinos, ovino y la lombricomposta registraron masas frescas de frutos (481.08, 453.67 y 425.28 g respectivamente) superiores a lo registrado con la fertilización química (396.28 g). Por lo tanto, los abonos orgánicos utilizados se presentan como alternativa de fertilización para el cultivo del pepino.&nbsp

Gut-Brain Axis: Role of Microbiota in Parkinson’s Disease and Multiple Sclerosis

It has recently been discovered that the digestive tract is lined with about 100 million nerve cells; the digestive tract has been baptized, metaphorically speaking, as “the second brain,” which contains a multitude of neurotransmitters, viruses, and bacteria that help regulate our emotional state. This second brain, known as the enteric nervous system, is a unique anatomical unit that extends from the esophagus to the anus. Like the nervous system, it produces a whole series of psychoactive substances, such as serotonin, dopamine, and opioids for pain, and synthesizes benzodiazepines. In it, we find the microbiota: a set of microorganisms (viruses and bacteria). Together with the brain, the microbiota directly influences mood, character, or sleep. Knowledge about the possible relationship of the microbiota with frequent neurological diseases is still just beginning. Recently, possible changes in the microbiota have been linked to the onset of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Also, today, we know that there are differences between the microbiota of healthy people and people with multiple sclerosis and that these differences have also been related to the disease and its evolution