Emigrant’s remittances, Dutch Disease and capital accumulation: The case of Mekong countries

Abstract. This paper examines the sectoral and intertemporal impacts of international emigrant remittances by using a vector auto-regression (VAR) estimation focusing on Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam (CLMV countries). The reason for targeting the CLMV countries is that they have still depended largely on remittance-earnings from their emigrant workers in their economies, and that the macroeconomic impacts of received remittances would be critical for their sustainable growth. The empirical study identified the decline in manufacturing-service ratio (the Dutch Disease effect) as a sectoral effect of remittances, and also the decline in investment-consumption ratio (the deteriorated capital accumulation effect) as their intertemporal effect, judging from the causalities and dynamic responses from remittances to both ratio in the VAR estimation outcomes. The strategic implication is that the CLMV countries should establish a framework to mobilize their remittance-earnings for more productive use.Keywords. Emigrant’s remittances, Dutch Disease, Capital accumulation, Vector auto-regression estimation. JEL. F22, F66, O53

Statistical Function Tagging and Grammatical Relations of Myanmar Sentences

This paper describes a context free grammar (CFG) based grammatical relations for Myanmar sentences which combine corpus-based function tagging system. Part of the challenge of statistical function tagging for Myanmar sentences comes from the fact that Myanmar has free-phrase-order and a complex morphological system. Function tagging is a pre-processing step to show grammatical relations of Myanmar sentences. In the task of function tagging, which tags the function of Myanmar sentences with correct segmentation, POS (part-of-speech) tagging and chunking information, we use Naive Bayesian theory to disambiguate the possible function tags of a word. We apply context free grammar (CFG) to find out the grammatical relations of the function tags. We also create a functional annotated tagged corpus for Myanmar and propose the grammar rules for Myanmar sentences. Experiments show that our analysis achieves a good result with simple sentences and complex sentences.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, 8 tables, AIAA-2011 (India). arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:0912.1820 by other author

Foreign direct investment theory and practice in Myanmar

Thesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Public Policy,2004masterpublishedby Ni Lar

Does Foreign Aid Cause "Dutch Disease"?: Case of Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam

This paper examined the economic impacts of foreign aid from the Dutch-Disease perspective, focusing on the economies of Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam (so-called CLMV). The CLMV were targeted in this study since they have rarely been studied in the literature in this field although their economies have still depended highly on foreign aid. We found no evidence that they have suffered from the Dutch Disease, or rather identified a positive production effect of foreign aid. We speculate that the major use of foreign aid in the CLMV has focused on economic infrastructure, which has given little room for raising consumption and contributed directly to capital accumulation there

Emigrant’s remittances, Dutch Disease and capital accumulation in Mekong countries

This paper examines the sectoral and intertemporal impacts of international emigrant remittances by using a vector auto-regression (VAR) estimation focusing on Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam (CLMV countries). The reason for targeting the CLMV countries is that they have still depended largely on remittance-earnings from their emigrant workers in their economies, and that the macroeconomic impacts of received remittances would be critical for their sustainable growth. The empirical study identified the decline in manufacturing-service ratio (the Dutch Disease effect) as a sectoral effect of remittances, and also the decline in investment-consumption ratio (the deteriorated capital accumulation effect) as their intertemporal effect, judging from the causalities and dynamic responses from remittances to both ratio in the VAR estimation outcomes. The strategic implication is that the CLMV countries should establish a framework to mobilize their remittance-earnings for more productive use

Long-term projection of Myanmar economy by macro econometric model

The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the long-term growth prospects of Myanmar economy under such scenarios as intensifying investment and improving total factor productivity (TFP), to represent demand-management policies necessary to sustain its long-term economic growth, to provide strategic implications on the prerequisites to achieve an optimal growth path, and also to represent the sectoral breakdowns for GDP and labor projections. For these purpose, we construct a simple macro-econometric model as shown in Appendix 1 in detail, and conduct sectoral breakdowns by the methodology of using Thailand input-output tables

Global-value-chains participation and industrial upgrading in Asian developing economies

Asian economies have been and will be a growth center in the world. One of the driving forces for Asian economic growth seems to be their economic integration through forming global value chains (hereafter GVCs) especially in manufacturing sectors. This chapter aims to investigate the dynamic economic impacts of GVCs participation in Asian developing economies from the following two analytical angles. Since the creation of GVCs usually involves the prevailing foreign direct investment (hereafter FDI) undertaken by transnational corporations, we first examined the impacts of FDI on the growth of GDP and exports focusing on ASEAN economies including latecomers and forerunners in their economic developments, by conducting causality tests in the vector auto-regression model. The analytical outcomes represented the clear causality from FDI to GDP and exports as well as the opposite causality from GDP and exports to FDI for a group of ASEAN economies, although individual economies has different causality relations. It implied that FDI has been a driving force for economic growth through capital accumulation and technological transfers, while FDI inflows have been attracted to the growing economies and markets. It should also be noted that the significant causality from FDI to exports might imply that the inward FDI has facilitated the GVCs participation in Asian economies. We second examined the economic impacts of GVCs participation by analyzing the value-added-trade data in Asian developing economies. We observed that the GVCs participation in manufacturing sectors has allowed the absolute domestic value added for their exports to contribute to their GDP growth. We also found that the development paths of domestic value added contributions to exports in the GVCs participating economies have followed “smile curve” with its turning point being 5,651 U.S. dollars in per capita GDP. It implied the dynamic impacts of GVCs participation, where at the initial stage of GVCs participation the domestic value added contributions to exports have reduced, but have recovered at the later stage of GVCs involvement with upgrading domestic productive capacities. It should also be noted that the turning points of “smile curves” differed according to manufacturing sectors: the sectors of food, textile, and wood products reached the turning point at lower per capita GDP and at higher ratio of domestic value added contributions to exports than those of machinery, electrical, and transport equipment

FDI, industrial upgrading and economic corridor in Myanmar

This chapter addresses the issues on inward foreign direct investment (FDI), industrial upgrading, and economic-corridor development in Myanmar. We first present the economic profile of Myanmar by comparing with other economies in Mekong region as well as its brief history. Second, we discuss the role of inward FDI in Myanmar. From a short-term perspective, Myanmar needs to accept inward FDI to participate in international production networks and thus to develop a manufacturing sector. This section represents empirical evidence on the linkage between FDI and the growth of GDP and exports, and investigates a specific issue to be addressed for accepting inward FDI in Myanmar manufacturing sector. Third, from a long-term perspective, we discuss the issues on industrial upgrading and geographical linkage in Myanmar economy. Myanmar now depends heavily on natural resource production in its economy, and also on labor-intensive production in its manufacturing sector. Thus, the industrial reformation should address how to diversify its industries towards a variety of manufacturing sectors and how to upgrade its industries towards upstream and high-valued manufacturing sectors. From the geographical viewpoint, Myanmar also now depends on spot-area development through its SEZ framework. For extending the economic impacts of the SEZ development to nation-wide level, the SEZ development should contribute to an economic corridor approach linked with neighboring countries

Developing Word-aligned Myanmar-English Parallel Corpus based on the IBM Models

Word alignment in bilingual corpora has been an active research topic in the Machine Translation research groups. Corpus is the body of text collections, which are useful for Language Processing (NLP). Parallel text alignment is the identification of the corresponding sentences in the parallel text. Large collections of parallel level are prerequisite for many areas of linguistic research. Parallel corpus helps in making statistical bilingual dictionary, in supporting statistical machine translation and in supporting as training data for word sense disambiguation and translation disambiguation. Nowadays, the world is a global network and everybody will be learned more than one language. So, multilingual corpora are more processing. Thus, the main purpose of this system is to construct word-aligned parallel corpus to be able in Myanmar-English machine translation. One useful concept is to identify correspondences between words in one language and in other language. The proposed approach is based on the first three IBM models and EM algorithm. It also shows that the approach can also be improved by using a list of cognates and morphological analysis