Perinatal, sociodemographic and lifestyle correlates of increased total and visceral fat mass levels in schoolchildren in Greece: the Healthy Growth Study

OBJECTIVE: To identify possibly independent associations of perinatal, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors with childhood total and visceral body fat. DESIGN: A representative sample of 2655 schoolchildren (9-13 years) participated in the Healthy Growth Study, a cross-sectional epidemiological study. SETTING: Seventy-seven primary schools in four large regions in Greece. SUBJECTS: A sample of 1228 children having full data on total and visceral fat mass levels, as well as on anthropometric, dietary, physical activity, physical examination, socio-economic and perinatal indices, was examined. RESULTS: Maternal (OR=3·03 and 1·77) and paternal obesity (OR=1·62 and 1·78), maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR=1·72 and 1·93) and rapid infant weight gain (OR=1·42 and 1·96) were significantly and positively associated with children's increased total and visceral fat mass levels, respectively. Children's television watching for >2 h/d (OR=1·40) and maternal pre-pregnancy obesity (OR=2·46) were associated with children's increased total and visceral fat mass level, respectively. Furthermore, increased children's physical activity (OR=0·66 and 0·47) were significantly and negatively associated with children's total and visceral fat mass levels, respectively. Lastly, both father's age >46 years (OR=0·57) and higher maternal educational level (OR=0·45) were associated with children's increased total visceral fat mass level. CONCLUSIONS: Parental sociodemographic characteristics, perinatal indices and pre-adolescent lifestyle behaviours were associated with children's abnormal levels of total and visceral fat mass. Any future programme for childhood prevention either from the perinatal age or at late childhood should take these indices into consideration

Nanolaminated ternary carbide (MAX phase) materials for high temperature applications

There is a clear need for high-strength (≥ 300 MPa), thermally stable, conductive materials that are also thermal shock resistant. Some MAX phases – ternary nano-laminated carbides and nitrides – are reported to fulfil all these requirements and can be considered as potential structural materials for high-temperature applications. In this work, a set of quaternary (M,M’)AX phase materials based on the Nb-Al-C system were synthesised by reactive hot pressing, starting from M-hydride powders. The possibility to substitute Nb with at least 10 at.% of other M elements (M’ = Ti, Zr, Hf and Ta) in the crystal lattice was investigated. The crystal structure of the produced solid solutions was studied by X-ray diffraction and the lattice parameters were calculated by Rietveld refinement. The material behaviour in an inert atmosphere was tested by measuring the elastic properties – Young’s Modulus and internal friction – as a function of temperature up to 1500 °C, and the effect of the substitution on the room temperature flexural strength was assessed.status: publishe