Descrição anátomo-radiográfica do membro torácico da Preguiça-comum (Bradypus variegatus) e dos ossos longos do membro torácico do Tamanduá-mirim (Tamandua tetradactyla).

As preguiças e os tamanduás são mamíferos xenartros, que se diferenciam de outras espécies, entre outros aspectos, pela presença do sinsacro e dos processos xenartros. Em virtude de suas particularidades, objetivou-se descrever a estrutura anatômica e os acidentes dos membros torácicos da preguiça-comum, Bradypus variegatus, e dos ossos longos do tamanduá-mirim, Tamandua tetradactyla, por meio de análises macroscópicas e radiográficas. A preguiça, demonstrou uma estrutura óssea mais simples, com poucos acidentes anatômicos, enquanto o tamanduá apresentou alguns acidentes anatômicos semelhantes aos descritos em outras espécies de mamíferos, todavia, ambos também apresentaram particularidade anatômicas, sem prévias descrições. A análise macroscópica e radiográfica, revelaram os mesmos acidentes anatômicos, considerando que as avaliações radiográficas foram realizadas em pelo menos duas projeções ortogonais. Assim, a partir desses resultados, a grande variação anatômica dessas espécies, em relação a outros mamíferos, revela que o conhecimento de suas particularidades é fundamental, principalmente na determinação de condutas clínico-cirúrgicas mais seguras.Sloths and anteaters are xenartros mammals, which differ from other species, among other things, by the presence of sinsacro and xenartros processes. Due to their particularities, the objective was to describe the anatomical structure and accidents of the thoracic limbs of the common sloth, Bradypus variegatus, and the long bones of the anteater, Tamandua tetradactyla, by means of macroscopic and radiographic analyzes. The brown-throated sloth demonstrated a simpler bone structure, with few anatomical accidents, while lesser anteater presented some anatomical accidents similar to those described in other mammalian species, however, both also presented anatomical particularities, without previous description of them that were not previously described. The macroscopic and radiographic analysis revealed the same anatomical accidents, considering that the radiographic evaluations were performed in at least two orthogonal projections. Thus, from these results, the great anatomical variation of these species, in relation to other mammals, reveals that knowledge of their particularities is fundamental, especially in determining safer clinical and surgical procedures

Topografia do cone medular da irara (Eira barbara) e sua relevância em anestesias epidurais

Encontrada principalmente na América do Sul, a irara é um carnívoro pertencente à família Mustelidae, a qual pouco se tem informações sobre sua morfologia de forma geral. Diante disso, objetivou-se conhecer melhor parte do sistema nervoso desta espécie, mais precisamente a topografia do cone medular, a fim de subsidiar intervenções anestésicas peridurais nesta, uma vez que a clínica de animais selvagens vem crescendo a cada dia. Foram estudados três exemplares machos, adultos, provenientes da área de Mina Bauxita, Paragominas, doados ao Laboratório de Pesquisa Morfológica Animal (LaPMA), Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belém, os quais foram radiografados e dissecados ao nível lombossacral, seguido de exposição do cone medular. Este, por sua vez, situou-se entre L4-L6 possuindo comprimento médio de 4,31cm, o que nos levou a sugerir a região sacrococcígea como ponde ideal para prática de anestesias epidurais nesta espécie

Renal biochemistry variables and ultrasonographic imaging in healthy Squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri collinsi

National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. Grant Numbers: 481771/2012‐3, 452908/2016‐7Federal Rural University of the Amazon. Postgraduate Program in Heath and Animal Production on the Amazon. Belém, PA, Brazil.Federal Rural University of the Amazon. Postgraduate Program in Heath and Animal Production on the Amazon. Belém, PA, Brazil / Autonomous University of Barcelona. Department of Animal Health and Anatomy. Barcelona, Spain.Federal Rural University of the Amazon. Postgraduate Program in Heath and Animal Production on the Amazon. Belém, PA, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Centro Nacional de Primatas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Federal Rural University of the Amazon. Postgraduate Program in Heath and Animal Production on the Amazon. Belém, PA, Brazil / Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Centro Nacional de Primatas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Federal University of Para. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Castanhal, PA, Brazil.State University of Ceará. Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Science. Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.Federal Rural University of the Amazon. Postgraduate Program in Heath and Animal Production on the Amazon. Belém, PA, Brazil.Background: The combined use of renal biochemistry and ultrasonographic imaging may improve the correct management of renal disease. Although renal disease is frequently observed in nonhuman primates, renal function markers have not yet been studied in Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri collinsi). Objectives: The aim of this study was to establish normal renal biochemistry variables and ultrasonographic features in Squirrel monkeys. Material and Methods: Renal biochemistry variables and ultrasonographic images were documented in 29 healthy Squirrel monkeys (15 males and 14 females). Urea, serum creatinine (SCr), and uric acid (UA) concentrations were measured by kinetic assay. Cystatin C (CysC) was analyzed by immunonephelometry. A multiple frequency linear array probe (5–12 MHz) was used for ultrasonographic imaging. The studied indicators of renal function were related to sex, age, and body mass. Results: Serum creatinine was influenced by sex and body mass. Serum concentration of urea, UA, and CysC were not influenced by sex, age, and body mass. Ultrasonographic images provided accurate and comprehensive data for making clinical decisions for Squirrel monkeys. The total renal volume was only influenced by the body mass nested in sex and was positively correlated to body mass. Right renal volume was bigger than the left one. Conclusion: Normative standards for the renal evaluation, including biochemistry and ultrasonography, in the Squirrel monkey have been established correlated to age, sex, and body mass

Renal Evaluation of Aotus azarai infulatus by Ultrasonography and Serum Chemistry Profile

This study aimed to characterize anatomical and biochemical properties of owl monkey kidneys in order to provide normal reference values. Sixty-nine Aotus azarai infulatus (45 males and 24 females) were divided into four different age groups (AG1: 3 months1 year; AG2: 23 years; AG3: 46 years; and AG4: over 7 years old). The monkeys were evaluated with a serum chemistry profile, focusing on serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and with ultrasound. Mean body mass differed among the age groups. This significance was attributed to AG1 body mass being significantly lower than in AG2 and that in both AG2 and AG3 being significantly lower than in the two older age groups (AG3 and AG4). SCr and BUNconcentrations differed significantly between the sexes and SCr level correlated positively with age. In contrast, renal measurements did not differ between males and females. Left and right renal volumes did not differ significantly within age groups, or among AG2, AG3, and AG4. Renal volumes in AG1, however, while not differing from those in AG2, did differ significantly from those in AG3 and AG4. In conclusion, this study provides ultrasonographic reference values for the morphology the kidneys in A. a. infulatus. Evidence is also provided that SCr and BUNlevels in owl monkeys are influenced by the sex and age of the individual, factors that should be considered when interpreting test results. Am. J. Primatol. 74:482-490, 2012. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Ultrassonografia, hematologia e bioquímica hepática e renal de macacos-da-noite,Aotus azarai infulatus(Kuhl, 1820) criados em cativeiro.

Os primatas do gênero Aotus representam excelentes modelos experimentais, sendo recomendados para estudos da fisiologia da visão e pesquisas de malária. O trabalho objetivou realizar a avaliação ultrassonográfica, hematológica e bioquímica de Aotus azarai infulatus do Centro Nacional de Primatas (CENP/Ananindeua/PA). Foram avaliados 69 animais (44 machos e 25 fêmeas), em três faixas etárias (FE1 = 3 meses a 1 ano; FE2 = 2 a 6 anos e FE3 = >7 anos). Os exames ultrassonográficos foram realizados utilizando-se o aparelho de ultrassom SonoAce 9900®. As análises coproparasitológicas foram realizadas mediante exame direto, flutuação e sedimentação. Dos animais que não demonstraram alterações clínicas, ultrassonográficas e coproparasitológicas (n = 41, 26 machos e 15 fêmeas), foram coletadas amostras de sangue para realização de hemograma e bioquímica, avaliando-se as enzimas Aspartato Aminotransferase (AST), Alanina Aminotransferase (ALT), Fosfatase Alcalina (FA), Gama Glutamiltransferase (GGT), Proteínas Totais, Bilirrubina, Nitrogênio Uréico Sanguíneo (BUN) e Creatinina (CREAT). Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à ANOVA e teste de Tukey. Ao exame ultrassonográfico, o fígado apresentou parênquima homogêneo, ecogenicidade uniforme e contornos regulares. Os rins apresentaram contornos regulares, formato elíptico, e textura ecogênica homogênea. Observaram-se diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) no hematócrito (46,41 ± 3,47 e 42,15 ± 4,06%), hemácias (6,09 ± 0.47 e 5,51 ± 0,48 x 106 mm-3), hemoglobina (16,03 ± 1,24 e 14,13 ± 1,32 g dL-1) e MCHC (34,48 ± 1,55 e 33,47 ± 1,03%) de machos e fêmeas, respectivamente. Nos exames de função hepática a FA foi significativamente influenciada pela faixa etária (FE1 = 592,8 ± 372,7; FE2 = 151,0 ± 56,87 e FE3 = 96,27 ± 31,11 UL-1). A bioquímica renal demonstrou que houve influência do sexo com relação ao BUN (machos = 30,23 ± 16,91 e fêmeas = 20,46 ± 9,43 mg dL-1) e creatinina (machos = 0,68 ± 0,12 e fêmeas = 0,59 ± 0,11 mg dL-1). Além disso, a concentração de creatinina foi significativamente influenciada pela faixa etária (FE1 = 0,51 ± 0,10; FE2 = 0,65 ± 0,05 e FE3 = 30,71 ± 0,12 mg dL-1). Os resultados demonstram que alguns parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos de macacos-da-noite podem ser influenciados pelo sexo e faixa etária.Primates of the genus Aotus are excellent experimental models. Aotus spp. have been recommended as models for studies on vision and malaria. This research had the objective to perform a ultrasonographic, hematological and biochemical evaluation of owl monkeys from the National Primate Center (CENP/Ananindeua/PA). Sixty nine animals were evaluated (44 males and 25 females), at three different age groups (FE1 = 3 months to 1 year old; FE2=2 to 6 years old and FE3=more than seven years old). The Ultrasonographic exams were performed using the ultrasound SonoAce 9900®. The coproparasitological were performed utilizing the direct exam, fluctuation and sedimentation. From the animals that did not show clinical, ultrasonographic and coproparasitological alterations (n= 41, 26 males and 15 females), blood samples were collected for complete hemogram and biochemical determination, evaluating the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), aspartate aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline fosfatase (FA), gamma glutamiltransferase (GGT), total protein, bilirrubin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CREAT). The results obtained were submitted to ANOVA and the Tukey test. Significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in the hematocrit (46.41 ± 3.47 e 42.15 ± 4.06%), red blood cells (6.09 ± 0.47 e 5.1 ± 0.48 x 106 mm-3), hemoglobin (16.03 ± 1.24 e 14.13 ± 1.32 g dL-1) and MCHC (34.48 ± 1.55 e 33.47 ± 1.03%) of males and females, respectively. In the exams for hepatic function, the FA was significantly influenced by the age group (FE1=592.8 ± 372.7; FE2 = 151.0 ± 56.87 e FE3 = 96.27 ± 31.11 UL-1). The renal biochemistry showed that there was influence of sex in relation to BUN (males = 30.23 ± 16.91 and females = 20.46 ± 9.43 mg dL-1) and creatinine (males = 0.68 ± 0.12 and females = 0.59 ± 0.11 mg dL-1). The results show that some hematological and biochemical results in healthy owl monkeys may be influenced by sex and age group