39,871 research outputs found
Annual income, hourly wages, and identity Among Mexican Americans and other Latinos
This article examines heterogeneity and income inequality among Hispanic Americans. Two processes that influence Hispanic heterogeneity include acculturation and labor market discrimination because of skin shade/phenotype. I focus on Hispanics because of their variation in phenotype, color, nativity, and language usage and also because of their recent large-scale integration into a society that historically has been characterized by bipolar racial categories that are putatively based on phenotype. This process provides a natural experiment for appraising the relative importance of acculturation, discrimination, and income inequality. I use data from two periods, 1979 and 1989, to determine the stability of identity formation among Mexican-Americans and other Hispanics. I find strong incentives favoring acculturation among Mexican- and Cuban-Americans. Americans of Mexican and Cuban descent but less so Puerto Ricans are able to increase annual income and hourly wages by acculturating into a non-Hispanic white racial identity. However, neither the abandonment of Spanish nor the abandonment of a specifically Hispanic racial self-identity is sufficient to overcome the penalties associated with having a dark complexion and non-European phenotype.Hispanic; Latino; Mexican-American; inequality; phenotype; identity; discrimation; wage inequality; wage disparity
Race, culture, and skill: interracial wage differentials among African Americans, Latinos, and whites
This article examines the interrelationships among race, culture, skill, and the distribution of wages. I utilize a three-equation system to explore this process: skill is a multidimensional productive attribute measured by years of education and work effort; educational attainment is a function of class background and individual effort; and individual wage rates are a function of skill and class background. By further assuming that effort is differentially distributed across individuals and social groups, I am able to estimate reduced form equations for educational and earnings attainment, where both equations are functions of the class backgrounds and race of individuals. The collective results of this article challenge the conventional wisdom among economists that African American and Latino job skills are of a lower quality than white job skills. To the extent that effort is an important element of worker skill, our results suggest that neither African American nor Latino labor is of lower quality than white labor. The results regarding differences between African Americans and whites in educational attainment, i.e., African Americans are able to translate a given level of resources into higher levels of educational attainment, reaffirm previous findings in the literature. The results on Latino versus white educational attainment are novel. Additionally, unlike previous research, this article connects racial differences in the skill acquisition process to the economics of discrimination.African American; Latino; Hispanic; discrimination; culture; social capital; culture; effort; education; skill
Zoll Metrics, Branched Covers, and Holomorphic Disks
We strengthen our previous results regarding the moduli spaces of Zoll
metrics and Zoll projective structures on S^2. In particular, we describe a
concrete, open condition which suffices to guarantee that a totally real
embedding of RP^2 in CP_2 arises from a unique Zoll projective structure on the
2-sphere. Our methods ultimately reflect the special role such structures play
in the initial value problem for the 3-dimensional Lorentzian Einstein-Weyl
equations.Comment: 21 pages, LaTeX2
An empirical derivation of the industry wage equation
This paper utilizes the Box-Cox transformation of variables technique to empirically derive an industry wage equation. Section I presents the determinants of potential wage differentials between and within industries. Section II estimates a Box-Cox industry wage equation. Likelihood ratio tests on alternative specifications of this equation affirm that competitive structure is a significant determinant of the industry wage rate and that human capital specifications of the industry wage equation (for the manufacturing sector) are not statistically valid. Section III summarizes the results.Box-Cox; functional form; wage equation; labor market inequality; efficiency wage
The janus face of race: Rhonda M. Williams on orthodox economics schizophrenia
This paper provides an evaluation the intellectual contributions of Rhonda M. Williams. Specifically, we focus on Williams' theoretical and empirical contributions to the political economy of race.intellectual history; black political economy; political economy of race; discrimination
Identity matters: inter- and intra-racial disparity and labor market outcomes
Standard analysis of racial inequality incorporates racial classification as an exogenous binary variable. This approach obfuscates the importance of racial self-identity and clouds our ability to understand the relative importance of unobserved productivity-linked attributes versus market discrimination as determinants of racial inequality in labor market outcomes. Our examination of identity heterogeneity among African Americans suggests racial wage disparity is most consistent with weak colorism, while genotype disparity best describes racial employment differences. Further, among African Americans, the wage data are not consistent with the hypothesis that black-mixed race wage disparity can be explained by differences in unobserved productivity-linked productive attributes.racial discrimination, racial inequality, identity, African American, African Diaspora, wage discrimination, employment discrimination, Hispanic, acting white, multi-racial, skin shade
A beginner's guide to belief revision and truth maintenance systems
This brief note is intended to familiarize the non-TMS audience with some of the basic ideas surrounding classic TMS's (truth maintenance systems), namely the justification-based TMS and the assumption-based TMS. Topics of further interest include the relation between non-monotonic logics and TMS's, efficiency and search issues, complexity concerns, as well as the variety of TMS systems that have surfaced in the past decade or so. These include probabilistic-based TMS systems, fuzzy TMS systems, tri-valued belief systems, and so on
Zoll Manifolds and Complex Surfaces
We classify compact surfaces with torsion-free affine connections for which
every geodesic is a simple closed curve. In the process, we obtain completely
new proofs of all the major results concerning the Riemannian case.
In contrast to previous work, our approach is twistor-theoretic, and depends
fundamentally on the fact that, up to biholomorphism, there is only one complex
structure on CP2
Nonlinear Gravitons, Null Geodesics, and Holomorphic Disks
We develop a global twistor correspondence for pseudo-Riemannian conformal
structures of signature (++--) with self-dual Weyl curvature. Near the
conformal class of the standard indefinite product metric on S^2 x S^2, there
is an infinite-dimensional moduli space of such conformal structures, and each
of these has the surprising global property that its null geodesics are all
periodic. Each such conformal structure arises from a family of holomorphic
disks in CP_3 with boundary on some totally real embedding of RP^3 into CP_3.
An interesting sub-class of these conformal structures are represented by
scalar-flat indefinite K\"ahler metrics, and our methods give particularly
sharp results in this more restrictive setting.Comment: 56 pages, LaTeX2
The Einstein-Weyl Equations, Scattering Maps, and Holomorphic Disks
We show that conformally compact, globally hyperbolic, Lorentzian
Einstein-Weyl 3-manifolds are in natural one-to-one correspondence with
orientation-reversing diffeomorphisms of the 2-sphere. The proof hinges on a
holomorphic-disk analog of Hitchin's mini-twistor correspondence.Comment: 11 pages, LaTeX2e. Revised version strengthens result and completes
proo
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