28 research outputs found
ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π°Π±Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° ΠΊΡΡΡ Wistar
Resume. Background. Today the search for drugs for alcoholism treatment is concentrated around substances with anticonvulsant action, which not only stop convulsive syndrome, but also contribute to the extension of the remission period during alcohol withdrawal. Despite the successful experience in the alcoholism treatment with structural analog GABA gabapentin, there is no convincing evidence of gabapentin interaction with GABA-ergic system in the brain, moreover, most results were obtained in vitro. The aim of the present work was to study mechanism of gabapentin action on CNS and its interaction with ethanol using electrophysiological methods in vivo. Methods. The effect of gabapentin on electrical activity of neurons in the frontal cortex of rats was studied with the microelectrode technique in adult male Wistar rats. Results. Gabapentin after systemic administration, 25-100 mg/kg, i.p., dose-dependent reduced the frequency of action potentials (AP) of neurons, without changing amplitude and shape of AP of neurons. When assessing changes in the frequency of extracellular exhaust AP at microiontophoretically summing gabapentin it is established that the drug reduced the frequency of ΠP in 15 of 23 neurons (p < 0.05), and increased GABA-induced inhibition of pulsed electrical activity of neurons in the frontal cortex. Gabapentin didnβt affect the magnitude of exiting responses on ethanol supplied to neurons, however, increased (p < 0.05) inhibitory responses caused by ethanol in all 45 of the cells studied. Conclusion. The obtained data suggest that gabapentin has an allosteric effect on postsynaptic GABA receptors and increases ethanol-induced inhibition of neurons of the frontal cortex.ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ Π²ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠΠΠ Π³Π°Π±Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΠΠΠ-Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π°, ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Ρ
in vitro. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π³Π°Π±Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Ρ
in vivo. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π°Π±Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° ΠΊΡΡΡ-ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΎΠ² Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Wistar. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠ°Π±Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ
25-100 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³, Π²/Π±, Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π» ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ (ΠΠ) Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ², Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΠ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π» ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΠ Ρ 15 ΠΈΠ· 23 Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² (Ρ < 0,05), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π» ΠΠΠΠ-ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π³Π°Π±Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ», ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°, Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ (Ρ < 0,05) Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
45 ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π³Π°Π±Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΠΠ-ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π°
ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ» ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ DBA/2
Resume. Background. Adverse medical and social consequences of alcohol abuse determine the relevance of the search for new targets and methods of effective prevention and treatment of alcoholism. A significant limitation of the use of benzodiazepine anxiolytics in the treatment of alcohol disorders is their ability to potentiate the effects of ethanol. Earlier it was found that the original afobazol, effective in the treatment of anxiety disorders, in the range of anxiolytic doses does not affect the duration of alcoholic sleep and ethanol-induced muscle relaxation. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of afobazole on hyperlocomotion and expression of behavioral sensitization induced by ethanol. Methods. The effect of afobazole at the doses 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg, i.p., on the ethanol-induced hyperlocomotion and behavioral sensitization was assessed in actometer OPTO-VARIMEX in male DBA/2 mice with increased sensitivity to the activating effect of ethanol. Results. Afobazole at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg, but not 1.0 mg/kg after acute administration prevented the development of ethanol-induced (2.0 g/kg, i.p.) hyperlocomotion, like naloxone 1.0 mg/kg, i.p., and antagonized ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization. Conclusion. Thus, the data obtained suggest that afobazole is capable of modeling the motivational effects of ethanol.ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠ΅Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π·Π»ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ°Π·Π΅ΠΏΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π°. Π Π°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠΎΠ±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ», ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ², Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ· Π½Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠΎΠ±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ»Π° Π½Π° Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Ρ
in vivo Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° OPTO-VARIMEX 4 ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΎΠ±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ»Π° Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ
1,0 ΠΈ 10,0 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³, Π²/Π±, Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π΅ 2,0 Π³/ΠΊΠ³, Π²/Π±, ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π±ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ DBA/2, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π°. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ» Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π΅ 10,0 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ 1,0 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π» ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»-ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ½Ρ 1,0 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³, Π²/Π±, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΎΠ±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ»Π° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°
Alterations in the nigrostriatal system following conditional inactivation of Ξ±-synuclein in neurons of adult and aging mice
The aetiology and pathogenesis of Parkinsonβs disease (PD) are tightly linked to he gain-offunction of Ξ±-synuclein. However, gradual accumulation of Ξ±-synuclein aggregates in dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) leads to the depletion of the functional pool of soluble Ξ±-synuclein and therefore, creates a loss-of-function conditions, particularly in presynaptic terminals of these neurons. Studies of if and how this late-onset depletion of a protein involved in many important steps of neurotransmission contributes to PD progression and particularly, to worsening the nigrostriatal pathology at late stages of the disease are limited and obtained data are controversial. Recently we produced a mouse line for conditional knockout of the gene encoding Ξ±-synuclein and here we used its tamoxifen-inducible pan-neuronal inactivation to study consequences of the adult-onset (from the age of 6 months) and late-onset (from the age of 12 months) Ξ±-synuclein depletion to the nigrostriatal system. No significant changes of animal balance/coordination, the number of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc and the content of dopamine and its metabolites in the striatum were observed after adult-onset Ξ± synuclein depletion but in ageing (18-month old) late-onset depleted mice we found significant reduction of major dopamine metabolites without changes to the content of dopamine itself. Our data suggest that this might be caused, at least partially, by reduced expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH1a1 and could lead to accumulation of toxic intermediates of dopamine catabolism. By extrapolating our findings to a potential clinical situation, we suggest that therapeutic downregulation of Ξ±-synuclein expression in PD patients is a generally safe option as it should not cause adverse side effects on the functionality of their nigrostriatal system. However, if started in aged patients, this type of therapy might trigger slight functional changes of the nigrostriatal system with potentially unwanted additive effect to already existing pathology
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ ΠΠ-115 Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°
The development of morphine-induced antinociceptive tolerance limits its therapeutic efficacy in pain management. Effects of non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics ladasten and GB-115 on the development of antinociceptive tolerance to morphine were studied in albino male rats. The tolerance was induced by daily sub-chronic administration of morphine (2,0 mg/kg, i.p., twice daily for 5 days) and assessed in immersion tail-flick test on days 1 and 5. Concomitant sub-chronic administration of dipeptide anxiolytic GB-115 (0,1 mg/kg/5 days, i.p.), developed on the base of endogenous tetrapeptide cholecystokinin (CCK), followed by morphine (2,0 mg/kg), reversed the antinociceptive tolerance to morphine on day 5. GB-115 per se at the same anxiolytic dose demonstrated a short-term analgesic activity on days 1 and 5. In contrast, 2-aminoadamantane derivative Ladasten (50,0 mg/kg/5 days, i.p.) with psychostimulant and anxiolytic activity, failed to do so. Ladasten at dose employed in the study, did not exert any effects on pain threshold on days 1 and 5. Our results suggest that in this well-characterized model of acute somatic pain, the development of tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of systemic morphine can be prevented by co-administration with GB-115.ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠ-115 ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° Ρ Π°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π° Π±Π΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
-ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ°Ρ
. Π Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° (2,0 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³/5 Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ, 2 ΡΠ°Π·Π° Π² Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ) ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ (Π²/Π±) Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Β«ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ°Β». ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ (50,0 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³, Π²/Π±) per se ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ±Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ» Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π½Π° 5-ΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ², ΠΠ-115 (0,1 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³, Π²/Π±) per se ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ±Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π» Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°
ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½-ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ³Π΅Π·ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Ρ in vivo
Β Β Background.Β The endogenous opioid system is involved in neuroadaptation produced by exogenous opioids. Synthesized on the basis of the regulatory peptide tuftsin, the anxiolytic selank inhibits the activity of enkephalin-degrading enzymes, increasing the level of leu-enkephalins in blood plasma.Β Β The aim of the workΒ was to evaluate the effect of selank (0,3 and 0,9 mg/kg, i. p.) on morphine-induced analgesia in animal models. Methods. The experiments were performed in inbred male mice C57Bl/6 (n = 77). The βhot plateβ test was used to evaluate the analgesic effect during thermal stimulation of nociceptors when mice were placed on a metal plate heated to 55 Β± 0,5 Β°C, followed by registration of the latent period of the reaction 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after the administration of morphine.Β Β Results.Β Morphine at a dose of 3,0 mg/kg, i. p., caused antinociception with the maximum possible effect (MBE) of 9 %, selank at a dose of 0,9 mg/kg, without antinociception per se, when pretreated with the morphine, increased the latent reaction time, causing antinociception of 29,9 % MBE.Β Β Conclusion.Β For the first time the data obtained on the synergistic effect of selank and morphine in attenuation of acute somatic pain.Β Β ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ·ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΊ ΡΠ³Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ½-Π΄Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΠΉ-ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ.Β Β Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΊΠ° (0,3 ΠΈ 0,9 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³, Π²/Π±) Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½-ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ³Π΅Π·ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Ρ
in vivo.Β Β ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Π±ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΡΡΠ°Ρ
-ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ°Ρ
Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Π‘57Bl/6 (n = 77). Π’Π΅ΡΡ Β«Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°Β» ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 55 Β± 0,5 Β°Π‘ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· 30, 60, 90 ΠΈ 120 ΠΌΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°.Β Β Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π΅ 3,0 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³, Π²/Π±, Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π» Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ (MΠΠ) 9 %, ΡΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΊ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π΅ 0,9 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³, Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Ρ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ per se, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π» Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Ρ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΠΠ 29,9 %.Β Β ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ
ΠΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² in vivo
Neurotoxic effects are one of the common reasons for discontinuation of preclinical and/or clinical studies. Preclinical evaluation of neurotoxic effects is complicated due to a wide range of manifestations and degrees of severity. Current experimental approaches to neurotoxicity assessment are cumbersome, laborious and not adapted enough for preclinical studies in the early stages of drug development. The aim of the study was to review existing approaches to experimental assessment of neurotoxic potential of new drugs and to discuss the need for and feasibility of developing and using integrated rapid neurotoxicity tests for early assessment of a pharmacological projectβs potential. The authors reviewed scientific literature and guidance documents and analysed current approaches to chemical compound neurotoxicity assessment in laboratory animals. The paper analyses the main issues of neurotoxicity assessment for new drugs and compares Irwin tests with the functional observation battery. It analyses issues related to assessment of drugsβ effects on the development and maturation of central nervous system functions at pre- and postnatal stages. It was determined that the current practice is not sufficient for assessment of potential adverse effects on cognitive functions. The authors assessed factors affecting cognitive functions of rodents during studies. The βAcute suppression of the exploratory and orientation responseβ and βExtrapolation escape taskβ tests were proposed for validation as potential rapid tests for detection of an array of organic and functional neurotoxic disorders at early stages of preclinical studies.ΠΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ². Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π³ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ β Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΡΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½Π° Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠ·ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π² Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π’Π΅ΡΡΡ Β«ΠΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈΒ» ΠΈ Β«ΠΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β» ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°Ρ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π°
Assessment of fabomotizole effects on postnatal development of newborn and adult rat offspring after maternal ethanol or cigarette smoke exposure was performed. The experiments were carries out in outbred pregnant rats housed in the vivarium of FSBI βZakusov Institute of Pharmacologyβ. Each group included at least 10 animals. Ethanol (4.3 ml/kg, 40 % vol.) was administered per os from 10 to 19 days of pregnancy; exposure to cigarette smoke from 4 cigarettes with filter (13 mg of tar and 1 mg nicotine) was performed throughout the pregnancy once a day. Fabomotizole (1 and 10 mg/kg, daily) was administered per os in all experiments. The unconditional reflexes formation and muscle strength were evaluated on postnatal day 5. The same animals were examined in the tests Β«T-shaped mazeΒ» and Β«extrapolation disposalΒ» to assess cognitive functions after postnatal day 60. These studies demonstrated the ability of fabomotizole to prevent or reduce postnatal abnormalities of rats exposed to ethanol or tobacco smoke in utero. The results show the potential opportunity of using fabomotizole for prevention of delay physical development, learning and memory.ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π° Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π½ΡΡΡΡ
Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π°ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ
Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π€ΠΠΠΠ£ Β«ΠΠΠ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π.Π. ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Β». ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 10 ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ» (4,3 ΠΌΠ»/ΠΊΠ³, 40 % ΠΎΠ±.) Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Ρ 10-Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ 19-ΠΉ Π΄Π½ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ; ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡ 4 ΡΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ (13 ΠΌΠ³ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ» ΠΈ 1 ΠΌΠ³ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π°) ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°Π· Π² Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ. Π€Π°Π±ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ» Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ
1 ΠΈ 10 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³. ΠΠ° 5-ΠΌ Π΄Π½Π΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ 60-Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π½Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
Β«Π’-ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΉ Π»Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΒ» ΠΈ Β«ΠΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β». ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΊΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π½ΡΡΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ° Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ
ΠΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ Ρ ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π°-4, ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Ρ Β«Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Β» ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ BALB/Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π±ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΡΡΡ: ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Π·Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΌ
Anxiolytic effects of dipeptide endogenous cholecystokinin tetrapeptide analogue GB-115 at the dose range 0,25-2,0 mg/ kg after oral administration were studied in rodents with high emotionality. In βelevated plus-mazeβ test GB-115 anxiolytic activity comparable with phenazepam was shown in inbred βanxiousβ BALB/c mice and βagedβ rats with long-term 10% ethanol experience during ethanol withdrawal. GB-115 at the doses 0,5-2,0 mg/kg didnβt induce sedation, in contrast phenazepam significantly suppressed spontaneous locomotor activity in BALB/c mice in Optovarimex. The data obtained show potent anxiolytic properties GB-115 (tablet 0,001) lacking benzodiazepineβs side-effects in animal models with high emotionality.ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΠ-115, Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π° Ρ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π° Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ· 0,25-2,0 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³. Π ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΠΠ Π°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ-115, ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Π·Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π±ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ BALB/c ΠΈ Ρ Β«ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ
Β» ΠΊΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
10% ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π° Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 33 Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ-115 Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ
0,5-2,0 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π» ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Π·Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ³Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π» ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ BALB/c Π² Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΠΠ-115 (ΡΠ°Π±Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° 0,001) Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ², Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ°Π·Π΅ΠΏΠΈΠ½Π°, Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° 2-ΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ BDNF ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ
To assess the pharmacological safety of the dipeptide mimetic of the 2nd loop of BDNF (compound GTS-201) when co-administered with ethanol, its effect on the alteration in motor activity induced by ethanol during acute and subchronic administration in mice C57Bl/6 and DBA/2 was studied. It was found that GTS-201 at a dose of 5.0 mg / kg, i.p., without affecting spontaneous motor activity per se, after a preliminary acute administration prevented the development of a sedative reaction caused by ethanol (2.0 g/ kg, i.p.) in C57Bl/6 mice. After subchronic administration, GTS-201 is devoid of psychostimulant effect and impact on the formation of ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization in DBA/2 mice. The data obtained indicate the absence of a psychostimulant component and synergism in the pharmacological profile of GTS-201 when used with ethanol at low dose.ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° 2-ΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ BDNF (ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ’Π‘-201) ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ±Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ C57Bl/6 ΠΈ DBA/2. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΠ’Π‘-201 Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π΅ 5,0 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³, Π²/Π±, Π½Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ per se, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ (2,0 Π³/ΠΊΠ³, Π²/Π±) Ρ ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ C57Bl/6. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ±Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ’Π‘-201 Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ DBA/2. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΠΠ’Π‘-201 ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ Π² Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π΅
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΠΊΡΡΡ Ρ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ
Resume. To study the features of an atrium depolarization on the dynamics of the cardioelectric field on the body surface at rats with an alcoholic cardiomyopathy. The cardioelectric field on the body surface of rats with an alcoholic cardiomyopathy was investigated during an atrium depolarization by the method of multiple synchronous cardioelectrotopography. In experimental and control animals, reflecting atrial depolarization, is formed before the appearance of the Pβ wave on the ECG, inversion of the body surface potential mapping (BSMP) regions occurs before the beginning of the ascending phase of the Pβ wave. In rats of the experimental group, it is shown an increase in the heart rate, the total duration of atrial depolarization, the period of the ascending and descending phases of the Pβ wave on the ECG; later (relative to the peak of the RM-wave) inversion of the BSMP regions and the beginning of the PII wave by comparison with the control animals. The duration of inversion in experimental rats significantly increased compared with the control. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy leads to significant changes in the spatial and temporal parameters of the cardioelectric field at the initial stages of atrium depolarization, an increase in the non-uniformity of depolarization and a high risk of atrial arrhythmias.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ - Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΠΊΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΠΊΡΡΡ Ρ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. Π£ ΠΊΡΡΡ Ρ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π§Π‘Π‘, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π· Π β Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΠΠ, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠΠ‘ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π β Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°Ρ
Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΠΊΡΡΡ Ρ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ